Term
| What are the two things found in blood? |
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Definition
| Fluid and cellular (formed) elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma is the fluid part of the blood. It is not associated with a clot, it contains proteins needed for a clot as well as other proteins not needed for a clot. |
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Term
| What happens to the plasma proteins and the cellular components when a clot is allowed to form in the blood? |
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Definition
| IF a clot is allowed to form in the blood, some of the plasma proteins (the ones involved in clotting) are used to form the clot, as well as the cellular components |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid left after a clot is formed in the blood |
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Term
| What is the difference between plasma and serum? |
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Definition
| They are similar except some of the clotting factors (plasma proteins) have been removed |
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Term
| What are the three main types of blood cells? Briefly describe each. |
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Definition
1. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes: involved in oxygen transport
2. White blood cells (leukocytes): involved in defense and immune functions.
3. Platelets (thrombocytes): involved in blood clotting |
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Term
| What is an anticoagulant and what are a few anticoagulants that are commonly used? |
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Definition
| An Anticoagulant prevents clotting. A few Anticoagulants that are commonly used are Heparin, Sodium Citrate and EDTA. |
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Term
| What happens when you collect blood in a tube without an anticoagulant? What is the solid part called? What is the fluid part called? |
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Definition
| If you collect blood in a tube without an anticoagulant, a clot forms. The solid part is called the clot and the fluid part is called the serum. |
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Term
| If you add an anticoagulant to blood, what does it separate into when it is centrifuged? |
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Definition
| The blood separates into cells and plasma |
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Term
| What is plasma made up of? |
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Definition
| 92% water, 8% proteins, and smaller substances such as glucose, slats urea, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma is the transport medium for blood cells, metabolic wastes, and dissolved nutrients (proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, salts). Plasma also carries antibodies (immunoglobins), enzymes, hormones, and vitamins. |
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Term
| What are several different kinds of plasma proteins? What are their functions? |
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Definition
1. Carrier Proteins: commonly used to help transport protein hormones such as thyroxine.
2. Ig (immunoglobins, eg antibodies) Immune functions; key protein in plasma.
3. Buffering Function: (proteins in plasma have a small amount of buffering capacity -other things in blood such as bicarbonate, sulfates, PO4, are more important buffers in the blood, however)
4. Maintain osmotic pressure: help hold fluid in vessels . |
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Term
| What would happen if the proteins did not help maintain osmotic pressure inside the blood vessels? |
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Definition
| If all of the fluid left, the blood will get thick and clot which causes a stroke. |
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Term
| Name the components of plasma. |
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Definition
| Water, solutes, proteins, albumin, globulins, fibrinoen, nitrogenous waste products, organic nutrients, electrolytes, cations, anions, respiratory gases. |
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Term
| How much of the plasma is made up of water? What does water do for the plasma? |
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Definition
| Water makes up 90% of the plasma volume; it provides dissolving and suspending medium for solutes and formed elements. |
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Term
| What percent of the plasma is made up of proteins? Where are most proteins synthesized? |
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Definition
| Proteins account for 8% of plasma (by weight): most are synthesized by the liver |
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Term
| How much of the plasma proteins are made up of albumin? What is Albumin responsible for? |
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Definition
| Albumin makes up 60% of the plasma proteins: Albumin is largely responsible for plasma oncotic pressure. -It is critical in holding the water inside the blood vessels |
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Term
| What percent of plasma proteins are made up of Globulins? What do they include? |
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Definition
| Globulins make up 36% of plasma proteins. They include clotting proteins, antibodies secreted by certain leukocytes during the immune response, and proteins that bind to lipids, fat soluble hormones, and metal ions to transport these substances in the blood. |
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Term
| Why is Fibrinogen important? |
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Definition
| It is important in the formation of blood clots |
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Term
| What are Nitrogenous waste products? |
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Definition
| Nitrogenous waste products are by products of metabolism, such as urea, uric acids, and creatinine |
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Term
| What are organic nutrients and what do they include? |
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Definition
| Organic nutrients are materials absorbed from the intestines and used by cells throughout the body; They include glucose and other simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, and vitamins |
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Term
| What is a cation and why are they important? |
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Definition
| Cations are Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium which are important in neuromuscular signaling. Also, some cations are trace metals which are important in normal enzyme activity |
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Term
| What is an anion and why are they important? |
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Definition
| Chloride is important in neuromuscular signaling, bicarbonate and phosphates are important in maintenance of normal plasma pH |
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Term
| What are respiratory gases and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide; most oxygen and some carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin in erythrocytes; a significant fraction of carbon dioxide is found in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate |
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Term
| Is the volume of plasma greater or less than that of cell volume? What is the percentage of blood volume that is plasma and what is the percentage of blood volume that is cells? |
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Definition
| The volume of plasma is greater than cell volume: 60% of blood volume is plasma while 40% is cells (on average) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Packed cell volume, hematocrit): It is the percent of blood volume from cells. |
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Term
| What are the functions of blood? |
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Definition
1. Blood transports nutrients from the digestive tract o the liver and the tissues
2. Blood transports oxygen and CO2 to and from the tissues
3. Blood transports metabolic wastes from tissues to the kidneys
4. Blood transports hormones
5. Blood Regulates pH and electrolyte balance
6. Blood helps regulate body temperature and defends against invaders (immune functions) |
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Term
| What are all blood cells derived from? |
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Definition
| All blood cells are derived from pleuriopotential stem cells (undifferentiated) in the bone marrow. |
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Term
| What are the 3 major precursor cells of blood cells? |
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Definition
1. Erythroblasts: which become red blood cells
2. myeloblasts: which become white blood cells
3. Megakaryoblasts: which become platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| I is the White blood Cell layer. It is a little band of white blood cells. |
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Term
| Where can the division of pleuripotential stem cells go wrong? |
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Definition
| Somehow the division gets messed up and for some reason an immature cell forms and starts running the whole marrow. It takes over all of the space. If you get an over abundance of one it crowds the development of the others. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a mammalian red blood cell? |
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Definition
| They are made mostly of water and hemoglobin. They do not have a nucleus, they have proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals in lesser amounts. |
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Term
| What is the primary functions in mammalian red blood cells? |
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Definition
| The primary function is oxygen transport form the lungs to the tissues |
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Term
| What is the secondary function in mammalian red blood cells? |
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Definition
| CO2 transport from tissues to the lungs |
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Term
| What is the tertiary function of mammalian red blood cells? |
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Definition
| Buffering, maintains viscosity (thickness) of the blood, and the specific gravity of blood which is related to the density of the fluid compared to the water. |
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Term
| What do red blood cells enable you to transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a biconcave disc? Which type of blood cells have a biconcave disc? |
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Definition
| A biconcave disc is a circle that is thin in the middle. It looks like a donut but with no hole in the middle. Found in red blood cells |
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Term
| What is the diameter of a mature Red blood cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of immature red blood cells? |
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Definition
| They have a nuclei, which is a sign of early release from marrow, usually due to blood loss or cancer. |
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Term
| What is the difference between mammalian red blood cells and blood cells of bird and reptiles? |
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Definition
| Mammalian red blood cells typically DO NOT have a nucleus while Birds and reptiles normally have a nucleated RBC |
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Term
| What does hemoglobin do in the RBC? What does Globin mean? What does Heme mean? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin is a carrier of oxygen and CO2. Globin is a large polypeptide with alpha and beta chains; it has 4 sub-unites, each containing one heme pigment. Heme is an iron containing pigment; heme and globin fit together to form hemoglobin. |
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Term
| What does Ferrous (Fe 2+) bind to in hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Ferrous in hemoglobin binds with oxygen forming oxy hemoglobin or with CO2 (carboxy hemoglobin) and is loosely transported in the blood. Oxygen dissolved very little in plasma. Each Hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygens. |
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Term
| How many hemoglobin molecules are in a human erythrocyte? |
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Definition
| approximately 250 million. |
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Term
| What happens in carbon monoxide poisoning? |
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Definition
| In carbon monoxide poisoning, Carbon monoxide binds very tightly with the Iron of hemoglobin, changing it to the Fe+++(Ferric) state, therefore it cannot bind to oxygen, and oxygen is not carries in the blood; the cells of the tissues suffocate. In CO poisoning the blood color is bright cherry red. |
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Term
| What is the life span of RBC's in a dog, cat, cow, horse, and human? In general, what happens to the life span of RBC's as an organism increases in size? |
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Definition
| Dog: 110 days, Cat: 75 days, a cow: 160 days, a horse: 147 days, a Human: 120 days. In general there is an increase in life span with increase in size. |
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Term
| How are RBC's ingested at the end of their life span? |
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Definition
| At the end of the life span , RBC's are ingested by fixed macrophages (usually in the spleen-are also located in marrow, lymph nodes and liver) and digested. |
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Term
| What happens to the GLobin and the Iron at the end of the life span of RBC's? |
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Definition
| The Globin and Iron are saved (recycled) for future Red Blood Cell production. |
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Term
| What happens to the rest of the Heme at the end of the life span of the Red blood cells? |
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Definition
| The rest of the Heme is metabolized into biliveriden which is converted into bilirubin (yellow colored) which goes into the bloodstream to the liver where it is metabolized into various bile salts which are excreted into the digestive tract forming stercobilinogen (imparts the color of feces) and is then excreted. |
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Term
| What happens in severe liver diseases? |
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Definition
| In severe liver diseases there is a decreased metabolism of bilirubin resulting in an excess of bilirubin in blood, leading to jaundice (aka icterus, a yellow coloration of plasma and mucous membranes). You can also have icterus from excess rupture of RBC in the circulation, exceeding the livers ability to process the bilirubin released. |
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Term
| What are the cells in the spleen capable of doing as red blood cells age? |
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Definition
| As old red blood cells age, they can't stretch and be as flexible and they get little irregularities. The cells in the spleen can monitor irregular and old cells, abnormal, nucleated, etc and they can engulf and destroy the abnormal red blood cells. |
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Term
| What are fixed macrophages? |
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Definition
| Cells that can detect and engulf abnormal blood cells. They line areas of the spleen and liver. The macrophages break down old or abnormal red blood cells and recycle the hem, the globin and the iron. |
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