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devices such as keyboard, mouse, document scanner and barcode scanners |
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electronic components and related gadgetry that input, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. |
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Random access memory= programs being used are held
ROM=Read only memory=programs stored here tell needed. |
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video displays,printers,audio speakers, overhead projectors |
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Computers represent data using_____ |
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binary digits=bits
bits are either 0 or 1 |
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bits are grouped into 8 bit chunks called_____ |
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Kilobyte=____ bytes
abbreviated "k" |
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How a computer basically works |
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Main memory holds all programs, while the CPU using a Data channel runs and loads programs. The magnetic and optical disks help programs work as well and we input into the computer using the keyboard and the mouse. |
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small amount of very fast memory on the CPU |
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What does it mean when main memory is volatile? |
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Cache and Main memory lose their contents when power is off. |
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32 bit less capable and cheaper
64 bit=can address more main memory |
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for word processing, excel, data base so forth |
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provides some service to multiple users
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organized collection of servers |
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A network of computers that operate as a single integrated whole. Grid appears to be single computer |
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computing network on the internet |
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What influences the time it takes to read data from a disk? |
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What is a pixel, dot pitch, and pixel pitch? |
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pixel=single point in a graphic image
dot pitch=measures distance between pixels
pixel pitch=measurement of smallest bit of data in an image. |
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Two types of Computer software |
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1.operating system software-controls computer resources
2.Application program software-helps users accomplish tasks |
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4 major operating systems |
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1.windows
2. mac os
3.Unix
4.Linux |
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preforms a service or function |
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Horizontal vs. Vertical Market Application |
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horizontal provides capabilities common across all organizations or industries.
Vertical= software serves need of a specific industry |
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Thin=only require a browser
Thick=requires software programs including the browser |
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Open source community software pros and cons |
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pros=free, often just as good as paid versions, freedom to do what you want
cons=often no customer service, may not do exactly what you want/need |
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2 types of data processing |
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File based and Data Based.
Disadvantages: data redundancy, limited data sharing, lengthy development times
Advantages:DATA based approach gets rid of problems |
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not databases, but DBMS. A database is a self-describing collection of integrated records. |
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Bytes, fields, record, table, data base |
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Bytes are characters of data grouped into columns called fields. the fields are grouped into rows called records. A table is a group of similar rows or records. A DB is a bunch of tables. |
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Useful meaningful data, data that describes data |
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Primary and Foreign Keys, why are foreign keys needed? |
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Primary Key=column that identifies a unique row in a table.
Foreign Key=columns that fulfill a row
Fkey needed because sometimes that key is a primary key of a different table in which it resides |
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databases that carry their data in the form of tables and that represent relationships using foreign keys.
2 Tables that are directly related ex. student # and table of activities that have the student #s that are participating |
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Components of a Database application system |
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create process and administer databases |
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structures query language-international standard language for processing a database all 5 DBMS products use it. |
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Report-results from a search of database |
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Data application programs needed |
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forms, reports, queries, and applications. |
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Shared between many different departments and users |
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potential problems with many database users |
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1.potential update loss
2.potential locking problems
3.possible data conflicts |
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database development process |
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A data model is similar to blueprints for a house. It’s a logical representation of database data that describes data and their relationships
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Entity relationship data model-tool for constructing data models
Developers use it for describing the content of a data model by defining the entities that will be stored in the database and the relationship between those entities |
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Entity, Relationship, identifier |
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Entity-some thing that users want to track
Identifier-an attribute whose value is associated with one and only one entity instance.
Relationships between entities. |
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Maximum-max # of entities involved in relationship
Minimum-Constraints on minimum requirements |
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One to many: 1:M
Many to Many: N:M
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diagram way of showing the entity relationship |
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Normalization and purpose |
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Normalization:process of converting poorly structured table into two or more well structured tables.
You normalize to preserve data integrity. |
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How to represent relationships! |
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What is computer network? types of computer network? |
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3 types of networks
LAN-local area network
MAN-metropolitan area network
WAN-Wide area network-networks of networks |
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What are the components and distinguishing features of LAN? |
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NIC-network interface card
MAC-media access control
UTP-unshielded twisted pair cord
Fibre optic cable |
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What is the protocol/switch? |
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protocol is a set of rules that two communicating devices follow
switch is a special purpose computer that recieves and transmits messages on the LAN |
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NIC-network interface card-connect circuitry to LAN cable
WNIC-wireless network interface card
MAC-media access control-address unique identifier |
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Ethernet protocol vs. Wireless Protical |
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most popular ethernet-IEEE 802.3 protocol. cord
Wireless protocol-IEEE 802.11-wireless |
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Alternatives for WAN and Wimax
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WAN-Sprint and Verizon use EVDO, ATT and Tmobile use HSDPA
Wimax- 4G |
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What is the access point for and protocols? |
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Access point-connect each site to the transmission device
Protocols-standardized means for coordinating activities between two or more entities |
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Frame Relay, ATM, their protocols and PSDN
(Public switch Data Network)-WAN alternative |
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frame relay-type of psdn that processes traffic in the range of 56 kbps to 40 mbps. Slower and easier to support
ATM-Asynchronous transfer mode-process speeds from 1 to 156 mbps. some organizations need ATMs speed |
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ISP-Internet service provider.
3 functions
1.provide users with legit internet access
2.Serve as a gateway for users to connect to internet
3.Help pay for internet by collecting fees from users |
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3 ways to connect to ISP(homes and small biz) |
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1.Dialup modem- uses telephone line. super slow, uses PPP proticol-point to point
2.DSL modem-uses telephone line but faster.
-Assemetric-different upload/downloadspeeds
-Symmetric-same download speeds
doesnt slow if 100 users using
3.Cable modem-tv line excess of 256 kbps. can slow down with many users |
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modem-converts digital signal to analog.
Router-special purpose computer that moves network traffic from one node to another |
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Digital subscriber line
Asymmetric digital subscriber line-different upload and download speeds
Symmetrical digital subscriber line-same upload and download speed |
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How do you define a broadband(and transmission speed) |
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telecommunication signal of greater bandwidth at a higher transmission speed |
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Public switched data network-network of computers and leased lines that is developed and maintained by a vendor that leases time to other organizations.
Virtual Private Network-uses internet to create appearance of private point to point connections. encrypts data and more costly. but more secure! |
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Criteria for comparing wide area networks
WAN |
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Need 2 firewalls for protect
perimeter outside firewall
and internal firewall |
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How does encryption work, asymmetric encryption? |
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encryption is the process of transforming clear text into coded unintelligible text for secure storage or communication
Asymmetric encryption-different keys are used. one key for encoding and the other key decodes. |
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https vs. http and SSL/TSL |
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HTTPS is the most secure protocol used today
http isnt nearly as secure
Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security combine public/private key with symmetric encryption to protect you |
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What is the access control list for? |
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On firewalls the access control list allows which address' are allowd and which arent. |
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(packet filtering)firewall and purpose |
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packet filtering firewall examines each part of a message and determines whether to let it pass. it examines the source address, destination address, and other data |
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Emails travel and protocol |
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–Messages are broken down into packets, or pieces of messages, that routers send in different directions.
–Once packets of a message arrive at its intended destination, software programs put the pieces back together.
The key concept is to divide & conquer |
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hypertext transfer protocol
Simple mail transfer protocol-email protocol
File transfer protocol-application layer protocol
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Packet, Packet switching and TCP/IP |
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Transmission control protocol/internet protocol are combined with packets and packet switching to create and send emails |
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Functions of 5 TCP/IP-OSI Layers |
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•Five Layers of TCP/IP Protocols
–5. Application
–4. Transport (TCP)
–3. Internet (IP)
–2. Data Link (Network Interface)
–1. Physical
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Physical (MAC) vs. Logical (IP) address and NAT |
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physical address of where the device is-never changes
IP address are logical numerical addresses which can change.
Network address translation-process of changing private IP address' into public ones |
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Architecture, protocol, and program |
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Architecture- an arrangement of protocol layers in which each layer is given specific tasks to accomplish
Protocol-Each layer of the archetecture, there are one or more protocols, each protocol is a set of rules that accomplishes the tasks assigned to its layer
Program-A program is a specific computer product that implements a protocol |
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How does the Internet work? URL? |
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Every computer has an address. You then connect to a server which takes you to the router. After the router you get on the internet where you can find your friends URL and go there to his router and IP address.
uniform resource locator-documents address on web |
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How does the domain name resolution work? |
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Domaine name resolution-process of converting a domain name into a public IP address. |
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Public Vs Private IP Address |
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Public-used on internet assigned to major institutions
Private-used within private networks and internets. they are controlled only by the company that operates the private network or internet |
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Dynamic host configuration protocol-program that loans you a temporary ip address to use while on the LAN network |
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What is Domain name system DNS and ICANN |
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• Domain name system (DNS)
vConverts user-friendly names into their IP address
vDomain name—a registered, valid name
vEvery DNS is unique in world
vResolving the domain name
Process of changing a domain name into its IP address (Layer 5 application
ICANN-Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers
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IPTV-internet protocol television-broadband connection needed. allows you to send and recieve video messages.
VoIP-Voice over IP- allows you to send voice conversations
both use TCP-IP-OSI technology |
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