Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
CHIMPANZEES
Caused by Calcium ingestion (milk-alkali syndrome), CHIMPANZEES.
Hyperparathyroid, Hyperthyroid, Iatrogenic (thiazides), Multiple myeloma, Paget’s disease, Addison’s disease, Neoplasms, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Excess vitamin D, Excess vitamin A, Sarcoidosis. |
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Definition
| (also called the kinky hair disease or Menkes kinky hair syndrome[1]:765) is a disorder that affects copper levels in the body,[2] leading to copper deficiency. X-linked recessive.As the result of a mutation in the ATP7A gene, copper is poorly distributed to cells in the body. Copper accumulates in some tissues, such as the small intestine and kidneys, while the brain and other tissues have unusually low levels. The decreased supply of copper can reduce the activity of numerous copper-containing enzymes that are necessary for the structure and function of bone, skin, hair, blood vessels and the nervous system such as lysyl oxidase. |
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Term
| Imipramine, use and effect in sleep |
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Definition
| is used to treat enuresis because it ↓ stage 4 sleep |
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Term
| About half of spontaneous abortions are due to trisomy of what chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primitive streak is the region of the epiblast through which pass the cells that give rise to what structures |
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Definition
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Definition
| lip––failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate). |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate). |
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Term
| Hypokalemic periodic paralysis |
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Definition
| rare channelopathy characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis with a matching fall in potassium levels in the blood. In individuals with this mutation, attacks often begin in adolescence and are triggered by strenuous exercise followed by rest, high carbohydrate meals, meals with high sodium content, sudden changes in temperature, and even excitement, noise or flashing lights. Weakness may be mild and limited to certain muscle groups, or more severe full body paralysis. Attacks may last for a few hours or persist for several days. Recovery is usually sudden when it occurs. Some patients may fall into an abortive attack or develop chronic muscle weakness later in life. |
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Term
| Pathophysiology of Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
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Definition
| Lack of cell surface proteins that inhibit compliment. The main proteins that carry out this function are the decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (CD55), which disrupts formation of C3 convertase[4], and protectin (CD59), which binds the membrane attack complex and prevents C9 from binding to the cell. |
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Term
| Odds ratio vs relative risk and when to use each. Also attributable risk. |
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Definition
Odds ration = AD/BC used in case control.
Relative risk = [A/(A+B)] / [C/(C+D)] used for cohort studies.
Attributable risk: [A/(A+B)] - [C/(C+D)] |
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| ANOVA vs. χ2 (CHI squared) vs t-test |
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Definition
t-test checks difference between the means of 2 groups.
ANOVA checks difference between the means of 3 or more groups.
χ2 checks difference between 2 or more proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values). |
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Term
| Meosis. Ploidy and N. If genotype is ABCD, what are possible outcomes for nondisjunction during meosis I vs meosis II? |
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Definition
| After S phase cell is Diploid 4N, first meosis cell goes to Haploid 2N (this means it has 2 identical chromosomes). After Meosis II the cell goes to Haploid 1N. Nondisjunction during Meosis II results in trisomy with double of one chromosome i.e. AAC. Nondisjunction at Meosis I results in trisomy with three distinct chromosomes i.e. ABC. |
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Term
| Protein that is critical to the formation and maintenance of junctional complexes. Loss of which can lead to diffuse type gastric cancer and infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast. |
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Definition
| E-cadherin. Initiates the formation of zona adherens and initiates signaling pathway that leads to formation of zona occludens and desmosomes |
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Term
| Rate determining step of de novo pyrimidine sythesis |
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Definition
| Aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) |
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Term
| Rate determining step of de novo purine sythesis |
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Definition
| Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase |
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Term
| Rate determining step of Fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
| Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) |
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Term
| Rate determining step of Fatty acid oxidation |
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Definition
| Carnitine acyltransferase I |
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Term
| Rate determining step of Ketogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate determining step of Urea cycle |
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Definition
| Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I |
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Term
| Inversions, paracentric vs pericentric |
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Definition
An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself. Inversions are of two types: paracentric and pericentric.
Paracentric inversions do not include the centromere and both breaks occur in one arm of the chromosome. Pericentric inversions include the centromere and there is a break point in each arm.
Inversions usually do not cause any abnormalities in carriers as long as the rearrangement is balanced with no extra or missing genetic information. However, in individuals which are heterozygous for an inversion, there is an increased production of abnormal chromatids (this occurs when crossing-over occurs within the span of the inversion). This leads to lowered fertility due to production of unbalanced gametes.
Pericentric: Involves centromere; proceeds through meiosis.
Paracentric: Does not involve centromere; does not proceed through meiosis. |
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Term
| What percentage falls within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean |
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Definition
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Term
| IL-10 created by who and does what? |
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Definition
| Produced by TH2 cells and also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), It down-regulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens, and costimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. |
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Definition
| CLL CD19 and CD20 positive |
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Definition
| is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. |
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Term
| Lymph drainage of upper limb and lateral breast |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage of stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage of duodenum and jejunum |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage Sigmoid colon |
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Definition
| Colic to inferior mesenteric |
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Term
| Lymph drainage Rectum/anal canal above pectinate line |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage Anal canal below pectinate line |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage of Testes/ovaries |
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Definition
| Superficial and deep plexus to para-aortic |
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Term
| Lymph drainage Scrotum/external genitelia |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage Thigh (superficial) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymph drainage lateral side of the dorsum of the foot |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Right arm and right half of head |
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Term
| Rundown on Pelvic lymph node drainage, prostate, cervix, bladder. |
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Definition
Most of the lymphatic vessels from the pelvis drain into groups of nodes associated with the iliac arteries and their branches (see figs. 30-3 and 32-7). External iliac lymph nodes receive vessels from the inguinal nodes, external genitalia, vagina, and cervix; they drain into the common iliac nodes. Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes receive afferents from all the pelvic viscera (e.g., cervix, prostate, and rectum) and from the perineum, buttock, and thigh; they drain into the common iliac nodes. Common iliac lymph nodes drain the two preceding groups and send their efferents to the lumbar group of aortic nodes, which also receives the afferents of the testis and ovary.
The cervix drains chiefly into the external and internal iliac nodes, the body of the uterus mainly into the external iliac and lumbar nodes. The prostate drains principally into the internal iliac nodes, and the bladder into the external iliac. The upper part of the rectum drains into the inferior mesenteric nodes, the lower part (together with the upper part of the anal canal) into the internal iliac nodes. The lower part of the anal canal, as also the external genitalia, drains into the inguinal nodes. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of skin changes in scleroderma? |
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Definition
a. small vessel damage leads to fibrosis of vessels and ischemia.
b. T-cell release of cytokines results in excessive collagen synthesis |
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Term
| Culex mosquito is a vector for what diseases? |
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Definition
| West Nile virus, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, avian malaria. |
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Term
| Aedes mosquito is a vector for what diseases? |
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Definition
| dengue fever, Chikungunya and yellow fever |
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Term
| Eastern Equine encephalitis |
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Definition
| Culiseta melanura and Cs. morsitans, maintained in a mosquito bird cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| calux mosquito and bird cycle. Flavivirus. Huge outbreaks in recent past. |
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Term
| Phosphofructokinase-1 regulation |
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Definition
F2,6BP is the most potent activator!
ATP (-), AMP ⊕, citrate (-) |
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Term
| Pyruvate kinase function and regulation |
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Definition
It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, yielding one molecule of pyruvate and one molecule of ATP.
ATP (-), alanine (-), fructose-1,6-BP ⊕. |
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Term
| Variations in drug metabolism |
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Definition
Has to do with rate of Phase II Acetylation. Drug induced SLE by slow acetylators with hydralazine > procainamide > INH
Genetic variation (polymorphism) accounts for some of the variability in the effect of drugs. With N-acetyltransferases (involved in Phase II reactions), individual variation creates a group of people who acetylate slowly (slow acetylators) and those who acetylate quickly, split roughly 50:50 in the population of Canada. This variation may have dramatic consequences, as the slow acetylators are more prone to dose-dependent toxicity.
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system enzymes can also vary across individuals, with deficiencies occurring in 1 - 30% of people, depending on their ethnic background. |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits peripheral metabolism of levodopa.
Carbidopa inhibits aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (DOPA Decarboxylase or DDC),[1] an enzyme important in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan to serotonin and in the biosynthesis of L-DOPA to Dopamine (DA).
Along with carbidopa, other DDC inhibitors are benserazide (Ro-4-4602), difluromethyldopa, and α-methyldopa. |
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Term
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Definition
Used for HTN, safe in pregnancy. It is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase, also known as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, which converts L-DOPA into dopamine. Dopamine is a precursor for norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and subsequently epinephrine (adrenaline). This inhibition results in reduced dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in the peripheral nervous system. This effect may lower blood pressure and cause central nervous system effects such as depression, anxiety, apathy, anhedonia, and parkinsonism.
It is converted to α-methylnorepinephrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). α-methylnorepinephrine is an agonist of presynaptic central nervous system α2-adrenergic receptors. Activation of these receptors in the brainstem appears to inhibit sympathetic nervous system output and lower blood pressure. |
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Definition
| Inversely related to potency and lipid solubility. MAC values are additive, and are lower in the elder and in the presence of sedative hypnotics. Anasthetics with low blood gas ration have fast onset and recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| uricosuric medication used to treat gout. Competitively inhibits reabsorption in the proximal tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive anterior movement of tibia. Dx anterior cruciate ligament injury |
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Term
| What effect does Aortic regurgitation have on LV afterload? |
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Definition
| It increases it. Qm220336 |
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Term
| Gamma loop (muscle spindle) |
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Definition
| CNS stimulates γ motor neuron →contracts intrafusal fiber → ↑ sensitivity of reflex arc. |
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Term
| What form of chlamydia would u find in culture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment of neurogenic bladder |
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Definition
| Tolterodine. Antimuscarinic |
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Term
| Drug of choice for wilson's disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| acts as a calcimimetic (i.e. it mimics the action of calcium on tissues) by allosteric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor |
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Term
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Definition
Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions. This switches off voltage-gated calcium ion channels which inhibits the generation of an action potential.
Uses: It is used as a vasodilator in the treatment of acute hypertension or malignant hypertension.
It is also used to decrease hypoglycemia due to the secretion of insulin in disease states such as insulinoma |
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Term
| The fetal adrenal cortex primarily synthesizes DHEA because it lacks which enzyme? |
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Definition
| 3-B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
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Term
| Only hormone produced both in the antrum and small intestine |
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Definition
| Gastrin, and actually it's the only one produced the antrum of the stomach. |
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Term
| mean circulatory filling pressure (Pmcf) |
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Definition
| mean pressure that exists in the vascular system if the cardiac output stops and the pressure within the vascular system redistributes. It is an indicator of how full the circulatory system is (i.e. the volume of blood in the system compared to the capacity of the system), and is influenced by the volume of circulating blood and the smooth muscle tone in the walls of the venous system (which determines the capacity of the system). |
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Term
| Which teres muscle causes internal rotation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers cut during abdominal incision |
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Definition
| Skin, Superficial fascia (Camper then Scarpa), Deep fascia invest the muscles, external, internal obliques and transversus abdominus, followed by the transveralis fascia, extraperitoneal space the the parietal peritoneam. |
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Term
| Arcuate line of rectus sheath |
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Definition
horizontal line that demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. It is also where the inferior epigastric vessels perforates the rectus abdominus.
Superior to the arcuate line, the internal oblique aponeurosis splits to envelope the rectus abdominis muscle. Inferior to the arcuate line, the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeuroses merge and pass superficial (i.e. anteriorly) to the rectus muscle.
The arcuate line occurs about 1/3 of the distance from the umbilicus to the pubic crest, but this varies from person to person. Above the arcuate line, the rectus abdominis is surrounded by an anterior layer of the rectus sheath and a posterior layer. The anterior layer is derived from the external oblique aponeurosis and the anterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis. The posterior layer is made up of the posterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis and the tranverse abdominal aponeurosis. Inferior to the arcuate line, all three muscle aponeuroses make up the rectus sheath, that is now only anterior to the rectus abdominis and not posterior to it at all.
Therefore, inferior to the arcuate line, the rectus abdominis rests directly on the transversalis fascia. |
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Term
| Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome |
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Definition
avascular osteonecrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis of the femoral head leading to an interruption of the blood supply of the head of the femur close to the hip joint. The disease is typically found in young children.
MEDIAL CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY |
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Term
| Side effects of lithium use |
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Definition
| Hypothyroidism, tremor, nephrogenic DS, Leukocytosis, EKG changes and Edema. |
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Term
| What vessel gives rise to the medial umbilical ligament? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RUM, Rheumaic fever, uremia, MI. Treat with NSAIDS or Steroids. Post MI 2-10 weeks. Uremia can also cause a serous pericarditis. |
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Term
| Fasciculations, upper or lower motor problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraindications to Metformin, sulfonylureas and thiazolidiones. |
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Definition
Metformin: renal insufficiency
Sulfonylureas: renal or hepatic impairment.
Thiazolidiones: Liver or heart failure
(However Kaplan says that Glipizide should be used in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment?) |
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Term
| Which Dopamine receptor to antipsychotics block and what is the second messenger? |
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Definition
| D2 Gi, so they block D2 and increase cAMP. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment of Heparin induced thrombocytopenia |
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Definition
| Swtich to direct thrombin inhibitors, Lepirudin, bivalrudin, argatroban or other hirudin derivatives. |
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Term
| Types of receptors found on smooth muscle in the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect can Niacin have on glucose levels? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Question mark–shaped bacteria found in water contaminated with animal urine. Leptospirosis includes flulike symptoms, fever, headache, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Most prevalent in the tropics.
Weil’s disease (icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis)––severe form with jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia. |
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Term
| Drug of choice for treating trypanosomiasis |
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Definition
Nifurtimox (chagas disease)
Arsenicals, pentamidine, suramin (african sleeping sickness) |
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Term
| Drug of choice for leishmaniasis |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three anti-histamines that have lower anticholinergic effects |
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Definition
| loratidine, fexofenadine, cetirizine |
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Term
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Definition
| Vector is Ixodes tick, presents like rocky mountain spotted fever but without a rash. Pathognomonic feature is granulocytes with berry like clusters of organisms in them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue (hypothyroid), presents as a fixed painless hard goiter that can extend into adjacent tissue causing hoarseness dysphagia etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain is taste processed in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of action of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors neostigmine and of organophosphates. |
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Definition
Neostigmine/pyridostigmine: carbamylation of enzyme.
Organophosphates: phosphorylation of enzyme.
Pralidoxime: dephosphorylates enzyme (reactivator) |
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Term
| genetic disorder of bones, skin pigmentation and hormonal problems along with premature puberty. |
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Definition
McCune–Albright syndrome. Bone is replaced by fibroblasts, collagen, and irregular bony trabeculae.
It is suspected when two of the three following features are present:
1. (autonomous) endocrine hyperfunction such as precocious puberty
2. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
3. Café-au-lait spots |
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Term
| Major blood supply to the nasal mucosa |
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Definition
| Sphenopalatine artery, the terminal branch of the maxillary artery. |
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Term
Histologically what would be seen for the three following disease
1. Xanthoma
2. Dermatitis herpatiformis
3. Psoriasis |
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Definition
1. Multinucleated giant cells and foamy histiocytes
2. microscopic blisters at the dermal/epidermal junction
3. Munro abscessess, small collections of nuetrophils in the cornified epidermis |
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Term
| Which nerve innervates all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles except one. Which one does it not and which nerve innervates that one. |
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Definition
| Recurrent laryngeal innervates all except the cricothyroid which is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve. |
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Term
| Decreased T3 resin uptake, does that mean you are hyper or hypothyroid? |
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Definition
| Hypothyroid. More spots on TBG to bind radioactive T3 so the resin binds less. |
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Term
| Nomenclature of neurons as they leave the spinal cord and what gets compressed in a herniated disc. |
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Definition
| Ventral and dorsal root come off the cord and combine to make the spinal nerve which then splits and becomes the ventral and dorsal rami. Usually the roots or the spinal nerve will be compressed. Not the Rami. |
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Term
| What maternal hormone is dependent on a viable fetus. |
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Definition
| Estriol. It is aromatized in the placenta from DHEA sulfate produced in the fetal adrenal cortex. |
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Term
| What part of the brachial plexus could be compressed by an axillary artery aneurysm? |
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Definition
| In the axilla the axillary artery is within the axillary sheath along with all three cords of the brachial plexus so it could compress any of the three. |
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Term
| Penile pathology Carcinoma in situ |
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Definition
Erythroplasia of Queyrat: Red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans; otherwise similar to Bowen’s disease.
Bowenoid papulosis: Multiple reddish brown papular lesions; affects younger age group than other subtypes; usually does not become invasive.
Bowen’s disease: Gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum; peak incidence in 5th decade of life; progresses to invasive SCC in < 10% of cases. |
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Term
| Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia |
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Definition
| defect of platelet aGgregation (↓ GP IIb-IIIa). Leads to increased bleeding time only. |
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Term
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Definition
| defect of platelet adhesion (↓ GP Ib), decreased platelet count, increased bleeding time. |
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Term
| Complication of pancreatic pseudocyst |
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Definition
| infection, haemorrhage, obstruction and rupture. For obstruction, it can cause compression in the GI tract from the stomach to colon, compression in urinary system, biliary system, and arteriovenous system. You DON'T see anaphylactic shock like you would if it were a hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcosis. |
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Term
Disease and pathology: The initial symptom in two-thirds of cases is loss of balance, lunging forward when mobilising, speed-walking, knocking into objects and people and falls.
Other common early symptoms are changes in personality, general slowing of movement, and visual symptoms.
Later symptoms and signs are dementia (typically including loss of inhibition and ability to organize information), slurring of speech, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty moving the eyes, particularly in the vertical direction. The latter accounts for some of the falls experienced by these patients as they are unable to look up or down. |
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Definition
| Progressive supranuclear palsy: widespread neuronal loss and gliosis in subcortical sites with sparing of cerebral and cerebellar cortices. |
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Term
| White patch on buccal mucosa. Which diagnosis is most likely to progress to cancer? |
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Definition
| Leukoplakia! NOT hairy luekoplakia, or squamous papilloma. |
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Term
| Effects of clonidine and IV glucagon on insulin secretion. |
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Definition
| Clonidine decreases insulin secretion. Glucagon usually has a paracrine effect of dereasing insulin secretion but actually increases it when it is given IV (maybe because it raises blood glucose levels.) |
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Term
| Relative effects of calcium channel blockers on vascular smooth muscle vs cardiac tissue. |
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Definition
| Effect on cardiac tissue verapamil > diltiazam > nifedipine. V for ventricle. So Verapamil followed by diltiazam have the highest negative ionotropic effect and would be contraindicated to lower bp in someone with CHF. Other Ca channel blockers have little/no effect on contractility of the heart but have more effect on vascular smooth muscle (better for HTN) |
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Term
| Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase |
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Definition
| found within white blood cells. White blood cell levels of LAP can help in the diagnosis of certain conditions. Higher levels are seen in polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PM), and the leukemoid reaction. Lower levels are found in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). |
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Term
| Treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| Medical treatment is aimed at improving ventricular filling as well as decreasing strength of contraction. First line are beta blockers followed by Ca channel blockers i.e verapamil. |
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Term
| Determining whether a intraductal papilloma is benign or malignant. List features that favor both. |
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Definition
Benign: consistant presence of a fibrovascular core and presence of both epithelial and myoepithelial cells in the papillary fronds.
Malignant: Cribriform growth pattern, cytologic atypia and abnormal mitotic figures.
Not helpful in ruling out malignancy: Size, intraductal and presence of papillary fronds. |
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Term
| Breast cancer composed of small glandular duct like structures lined by anaplastic cells. |
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Definition
| Invasive ductal carcinoma. Most common breast cancer ~ 80%. Most common presentation is a palpable mass. |
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Term
| Renal papillary necrosis, association. |
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Definition
1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Acute pyelonephritis
3. Chronic phenacetin use (acetaminophen is phenacetin derivative)
4. Sickle cell anemia |
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Term
| What drugs can cause SIADH? |
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Definition
| TCAs, SSRIs, MAOs, antineuroleptics, antineoplastics, carbamazepine and cyclophosphamide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat urinary urgency and incontinence. Exerts direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. It exhibits one-fifth of the anticholinergic activity of atropine on the detrusor muscle, but four to ten times the antispasmodic activity. |
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Term
| Unopposed action of the flexor carpi ulnaris will cause deviation of the wrist to what side? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ill patient that develops hypoxia(not responsive to oxygen) and bilateral lung infiltrates several days after admitted to ICU. What's the diagnosis and the pathogenesis? |
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Definition
| ARDS or diffuse alveolara damage. Triggered by NEUTROPHILS that release cytokines that attract histiocytes that produce a variety of compunds damaging alveolar epithelium and leading to hyaline membrane formation. |
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Term
| formation of definitive kidney in embryo? |
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Definition
Metanephric duct induces development of the metanephros which give rise to the definitive kidney. QID OL1399
1. Pronephros––week 4; then degenerates
2. Mesonephros––functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester; later contributes to male genital system
3. Metanephros––permanent
4. Urogenital sinus––develops into bladder, urethra, allantois |
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Term
Male testicular tumor characteristics.
1. Choriocarcinoma
2. Embyronal Carcinoma
3. Seminoma
4. Yolk sac tumor |
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Definition
1. Choriocarcinoma: synctiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
2. Embyronal Carcinoma: Sheets of undifferentiated cells with focal glandular differentiation
3. Seminoma: Large cells with watery cytoplasm (fried egg)
4. Yolk sac tumor: Endodermal sinuses that resemble primitive glomeruli.
5. Mixed tumor contains more than one of the above |
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Term
| Theca and Granulosa cells, there hormones pre and post ovulation. |
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Definition
Preovulation: LH action on Theca cells cause them to produce androgens. FSH on granulosa cells cause them to aromatise the androgens to estradiol and produce inhibin.
Post ovulation: Granulosa cells start expressing LH receptors and both cell types start producing more progesterone. |
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Term
| Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures and it's toxicity |
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Definition
| Valproic acid - Can cause hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| Under pysiologic conditions, what hormone will stimulate insulin release in response to food in the stomoch? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of hypoglycemia produced by bordetella pertussis? |
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Definition
| It secretes a toxin that inactivates Gi which leads to increased cAMP and causes insulin release probably do to an altered membrane potential? |
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Term
| Non-competetive opthalmic histamine antagonist. |
|
Definition
| Ketotifen - second-generation H1-antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis,[1] or the itchy red eyes caused by allergies. In its oral form, it is used to prevent asthma attacks. Side effects include drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, irritability, and increased nosebleeds. |
|
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Term
| Theory behind transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. |
|
Definition
| Works by activating inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, which are called the "Gate keepers" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Third heart sound heard in constrictive pericarditis. Takes years to develop constrictive pericarditis. Friction rub would be heard in acute pericarditis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| class III antiarrhythmic agent |
|
|
Term
| List the three dopamine pathways in the brain and what there functions are? |
|
Definition
infundibular - inhibits prolactin
Mesolimbic/Mesocortical - regulates behavior (target pathway for antipsychotics)
nigrostriatal - voluntary movement (Parkinsons) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism: Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
Clinical use Invasive aspergillosis.
Toxicity: GI upset, flushing. |
|
|
Term
| Which antifungals bind ergosterol |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B and Nystatin. Disrupts cell membrane. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Low affinity Fc receptor on NK cells and other cells as well. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| LPS receptor, present mostly on Macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| Which oral nitrate shows the highest bioavailability |
|
Definition
| Isosorbide mononitrate, almost 100% bioavailable PO |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Presence of both normal and mutated mtDNA, resulting in variable expression in mitochondrial inherited diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Mitral valve stenosis and hoarseness, what's the mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Dilated atrium impinges on recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Drug of choice for hypotensive shock |
|
Definition
| Dopamine. B1 and D1 selective at low doses, also alpha adrenergic at higher doses. Low doses increase CO but also increase renal perfusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphodiesterase inhibitor with therapeutic focus on cAMP. It inhibits platelet aggregation and is a direct arterial vasodilator. Its main effects are dilation of the arteries supplying blood to the legs and decreasing platelet coagulation. Used for intermittent claudication. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus contains B1 receptors that are blocked by beta 1 blockers thus leading to lower levels of renin, angiotensin I/II and aldosterone. |
|
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Term
| Nitroprusside, use, toxicity and antidote. |
|
Definition
| IV infusion for hypertensive emergency. High dose can lead to cyanide poisoning, Sodium thioSULFATE is used to treat cyanide toxicity and works by donating sulfer to liver rhodanase to enhance conversion to cyanide thiocyanate. |
|
|
Term
| Non-selective beta blocker and alpha 1 antagonist? |
|
Definition
| Carvedilol, and labetolol. Slow progression of heart failure and decrease all cause mortality in patients with CHF. |
|
|
Term
| Macrophage inhibitory factor |
|
Definition
| Produced by t-helper cells along with gamma interferon to form granulomas. Main function is to keep macrophages in the area. (Macrophage migratory ihibitory factor) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by B cells and macrophages. Activates NK and Th1 cells. Also helps form the Th1 memory response. |
|
|
Term
| Langerhan or histiocyte CD marker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alkaline tide refers to a condition, normally encountered after eating a meal, when stomach acid is released into the stomach causing a temporary increase in pH of the blood. Compensation is respiratory acidosis. Combo of decreased respiration and a left shifted O2 curve due to increased pH leads to tissue hypoxia which makes you feel tired. |
|
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Term
| Friedreichs Ataxia is associated with what type of heart anomaly |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome |
|
Definition
| type of long QT syndrome, causes the cardiac muscle to take longer than usual to recharge between beats. If untreated, the irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias, can lead to fainting, seizures, or sudden death. The disorder also contributes to hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| Drug exposure linked to congenital Ebstein's anomaly. |
|
Definition
| Lithium. Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital heart defect in which the opening of the tricuspid valve is displaced towards the apex of the right ventricle of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Pulse pressure is proportional to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in CO during early and late exercise |
|
Definition
| Intitial increase is due to increased stroke volume, late exercise CO increase is more due to increased HR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Atrial flutter |
|
Definition
| Attempt to convert to sinus rhythm, class IA, IC or III. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of 3rd degree AV block |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aortic arch baroreceptor respond to what stimulus |
|
Definition
| responds only to ↑ BP, Carotid sinus transmits via glossopharyngeal nerve to medulla (responds to ↓ and ↑ in BP). |
|
|
Term
| Largest share of systemic cardiac output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highest blood flow per gram of tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest arteriovenous O2 difference |
|
Definition
| Heart, ↑ O2 demand is met by ↑ coronary blood flow, not by ↑ extraction of O2. |
|
|
Term
| Congenital rubella causes what heart defects? |
|
Definition
| Septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis |
|
|
Term
| Frequency of location of atheroslcerosis |
|
Definition
| Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| What kind of infarcts occur in the liver? Red or pale |
|
Definition
| Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts occur in loose tissues with collaterals, such as liver, lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion. |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of MI in the first 6 hours is by what method? |
|
Definition
| In the first 6 hours, ECG is the gold standard. Cardiac troponin I rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7–10 days; more specific than other protein markers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Metastases (Melanoma and lymphoma) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Arteriovenous malformation in small vessels. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as noradrenaline. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drug's action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. Side effects include orthostatic and exercise hypotension, sexual dysfunction (delayed or retrograde ejaculation), and diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| Antihypertensive drug associated with Dry mouth, sedation, severe rebound hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydralazine, MOA, use and toxicity |
|
Definition
Mechanism ↑ cGMP→smooth muscle relaxation. Vasodilates arterioles > veins; afterload reduction.
Clinical use Severe hypertension, CHF. First-line therapy for hypertension in pregnancy, with methyldopa.
Toxicity Compensatory tachycardia (contraindicated in angina/CAD), fluid retention. Lupus-like syndrome. Use with β-blockers to prevent reflex tachycardia, diuretic to block salt retention |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of Minoxidil |
|
Definition
| pericardial effusion, reflex tachycardia, angina, salt retention. Use with β-blockers to prevent reflex tachycardia, diuretic to block salt retention |
|
|
Term
| Malignant hypertension treatment - 3 drugs and MOA |
|
Definition
Nitroprusside Short acting; ↑ cGMP via direct release of NO.
Fenoldopam Dopamine D1 receptor agonist––relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle.
Diazoxide K+ channel opener––hyperpolarizes and relaxes vascular smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Digoxin toxicity and antidote |
|
Definition
Toxicity: May cause ↑ PR, ↓ QT, scooping of ST segment, T-wave inversion of ECG. Also ↑ parasympathetic activity: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blurry yellow vision (think Van Gogh). Arrhythmia. Toxicities of digoxin are ↑ by renal failure (↓ excretion), hypokalemia (potentiates drug’s effects), and quinidine (↓ digoxin clearance; displaces digoxin from tissue-binding sites).
Antidote: Slowly normalize K+, lidocaine, cardiac pacer, anti-dig Fab fragments, Mg2+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, corneal deposits, skin deposits resulting in photodermatitis, neurologic effects, constipation, cardiovascular effects (bradycardia, heart block, CHF) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White |
|
Definition
| Amiodarone or procainamide. Avoid drugs that prolong AV node conduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adenosine: ↑ K+ out of cells → hyperpolarizing the cell. Drug of choice in diagnosing/abolishing AV nodal arrhythmias. Very short acting (~ 15 sec). Toxicity includes flushing, hypotension, chest pain.
K+: Depresses ectopic pacemakers in hypokalemia (e.g., digoxin toxicity).
Mg2+: Effective in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metyrapone blocks cortisol synthesis[1] by inhibiting steroid 11β-hydroxylase. This stimulates ACTH secretion, which in turn increases plasma 11-deoxycortisol levels. When excess ACTH secretion is the cause of hypercortisolism, the metyrapone test helps clarify if the source of the ACTH is pituitary or ectopic |
|
|
Term
| Mg2+ effect on PTH and what causes low MG levels. |
|
Definition
| Low Mg2+ decreases PTH secretion. Diarrhea, aminglycosides, diuretics and alcohol abuse all decrease Mg2+ |
|
|
Term
| Dexamethasone suppresion test, low dose and high dose response in different situations. |
|
Definition
Healthy: Decrease cortisol after low dose.
ACTH producing pitiutary tumor: Increase cortisol adter low dose, decreased after high dose.
Ectopic ACTH producing tumor or cortisol producing tumor: Increased cortisol after high or low dose. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Conn's syndrome and lab values. |
|
Definition
| Treat with spironolactone. Normal Na due to aldosterone steal (ANP), most symptoms are due to low K+ and Ca2+(parasthesias). Bicarb is elevated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxic multinodular Goiter |
|
Definition
| Iodine deprivation followed by iodine restoration. Causes release of T3 and T4. Nodules are not malignant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyrotoxicosis if a patient with endemic goiter moves to iodine-replete area. |
|
|
Term
| pot-bellied, pale, puffy-faced child with protruding umbilicus and protuberant tongue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ergot derivative, is a potent dopamine receptor agonist on D2 receptors. In vitro, rat studies show cabergoline has a direct inhibitory effect on pituitary lactotroph (prolactin) cells. [1] It is frequently used as a first-line agent in the management of prolactinomas due to higher affinity for D2 receptor sites, less severe side effects, and more convenient dosing schedule than the older bromocriptine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dual endothelin receptor antagonist important in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension |
|
|
Term
| The triad of diabetes insipidus, exopthalmos, and lytic bone lesions |
|
Definition
| Hand-Schüller-Christian triad of histiocytosis X |
|
|
Term
| Ventral pancreatic bud gives rise to what structures? |
|
Definition
| Lower portion of the head, uncinate process and the main pancreatic duct. Dorsal pancreatic duct forms everythng else. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of acute pancreatitis |
|
Definition
GET SMASHeD.
Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune disease, Scorpion sting, Hypercalcemia/Hyperlipidemia, Drugs (e.g., sulfa drugs). |
|
|
Term
| Erosions by definition don't penetrate what layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ulcers found in what part of the GI tract are always benign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retroperitoneal structures |
|
Definition
1. Duodenum (2nd, 3rd, 4th
parts)
2. Descending colon
3. Ascending colon
4. Kidney and ureters
5. Pancreas (except tail)
6. Aorta
7. IVC
8. Adrenal glands and rectum |
|
|
Term
| Gastrosplenic ligament contains what arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Splenorenal ligament contains what structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frequencies of basal electric GI rhythm (slow waves): |
|
Definition
Stomach––3 waves/min
Duodenum––12 waves/min
Ileum––8–9 waves/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Auerbach’s). Coordinates Motility along entire gut wall.
Contains cell bodies of some parasympathetic terminal effector neurons.
Located between inner (circular) and outer (longitudinal) layers of smooth muscle in GI tract wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in submucosa. Regulates local Secretions, blood flow, and absorption.
Contains cell bodies of some parasympathetic terminal effector neurons.
Located between mucosa and inner layer of smooth muscle in GI tract wall. |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation to hindgut |
|
Definition
| Pelvic nerves. Foregut and midgut are vagus. |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral level of Celiac artery SMA and IMA. |
|
Definition
Celiac: T12/L1
SMA: L1
IMA: L3 |
|
|
Term
| Collateral circulation If the abdominal aorta is blocked, these arterial anastomoses (with origin) compensate: |
|
Definition
1. Internal thoracic/mammary (subclavian) ↔ superior epigastric (internal thoracic)
↔inferior epigastric (external iliac)
2. Superior pancreaticoduodenal (celiac trunk) ↔ inferior pancreaticoduodenal
(SMA)
3. Middle colic (SMA) ↔ left colic (IMA)
4. Superior rectal (IMA) ↔ middle rectal (internal iliac) |
|
|
Term
| Portosystemic anastomoses |
|
Definition
1. Esophagus: Esophageal varices, Left gastric(portal) ↔ esophageal(azygous)
2. Umbilicus: Caput medusae, Paraumbilical(portal) ↔ superficial and inferior epigastric.
3. Rectum: Hemorrhoids, Superior rectal(portal) ↔ middle and inferior rectal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fascial tube 3–4 cm below inguinal ligament. Contains femoral vein, artery, and canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes) but not femoral nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Layers of the spermatic cord |
|
Definition
| External spermatic fascia, Cremasteric muscle and fascia, internal spermatic fascia. |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the spermatic fascia are indirect and direct hernias covered by. |
|
Definition
Indirect: all three layers
Direct: External spermatic fascia only |
|
|
Term
| the only GI submucosal glands |
|
Definition
| Brunner’s glands Secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acid contents entering the duodenum from the stomach. Located in duodenal submucosa Hypertrophy of Brunner’s glands is seen in peptic ulcer disease. |
|
|
Term
| Why would the ingestion of amino acids tryptophan and phenylalanine make you tired? |
|
Definition
| They are potent stimulators of Gastrin release from G cells which would lead to an increase in stomach acid and a greater alkaline tide!!! |
|
|
Term
| GIP, what does it stand for, source action regulation and notes. |
|
Definition
| Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide. Made by K cells in the duodenum and Jejunum. Increases Insulin release and decreases H+ secretion. Released in response to fatty acids, amino acids or glucose. Thought to be part of the reason an oral glucose load stimulates more insulin release then IV glucose. Belongs to the incretin family along with glp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of glucose galactose and fructose in the small intestine. |
|
Definition
| Only monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) are absorbed by enterocytes. Glucose and galactose are taken up by SGLT1 (Na+ dependent). Fructose is taken up by facilitated diffusion by GLUT-5. All are transported to blood by GLUT-2. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the following absorbed: iron, B12 and folate |
|
Definition
Iron: duodenum
B12: Ileum
Folate: Jejunum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamin B5, needed to form Coenzyme A |
|
|
Term
| What two cell types cannot use ketone bodies for energy |
|
Definition
| RBCs and anything else that lack mitochondria, and hepatocytes because they lack succinyl CoA-acetoacetate CoA transferase |
|
|
Term
| All protease inhibitors have what adverse effects in common? |
|
Definition
1. lipodystrophy - central obesity w peripheral wasting.
2. Hyperglycemia - insulin resistance that may lead to diabetes
3. P450 inhibition - Use rifabutin for mycobacteria infections in patients on protease inhibitors because it doesn't rev up the P450 system |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis more strongly associated with IV drug use and transfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd MCC Hematochezia, with diverticulosis being #1. It’s in the cecum b/c law of Laplace (wall stress and radius). The diameter of the cecum is bigger than any other part of the colon. B/c the diameter is greater, the wall stress is greater. Therefore, putting stress on the vessels in the wall of the cecum, it actually pulls them apart and produces telangiectasias. As a result, it predisposes to angiodysplasia b/c increased wall stress. If one of them ruptures to the surface, you can end up with significant bleed. A very common cause of Hematochezia in older people. So, if diverticulosis is ruled out, angiodysplasia is probably it. |
|
|
Term
| MCC fistulas communications in the GI |
|
Definition
| diverticulosis. With a fistula, there is communication between 2 hollow organs. The MC fistulas are colovesicle fistula’s, which is a fistula between the colon and the bladder, leading to pneumaturia – air in the urine. MCC of colovesicle fistula is diverticular dz. They can rupture, and the rupture can cause peritonitis. |
|
|
Term
| Affected colon has polyps and brain tumors |
|
Definition
| Turcot syndrome (like turban) – therefore, you have a polyposis syndrome with brain tumor; this dz is auto rec |
|
|
Term
| What the MCC of appendicitis in children |
|
Definition
| Measles and/or adenovirus infection. Then, acute appendicitis occurs b/c there is lymphoid tissue in the appendix. With measles or adenovirus infection, get hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in the appendix, and can obstruct the lumen and set up inflammation for mucosal injury and leads to acute appendicitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with lye ingestion. |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for esophageal cancer are: |
|
Definition
ABCDEF
Alcohol/Achalasia
Barrett’s esophagus
Cigarettes
Diverticuli (e.g., Zenker’s diverticulum)
Esophageal web (e.g., Plummer-Vinson)/
Esophagitis
Familial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes malabsorption. Probably infectious; responds to antibiotics. Similar to celiac sprue, but can affect entire small bowel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute erosive gastritis associated w brain injury. Increased vagal stimulation leads to increased H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute erosive gastritis associated with burn patient. decreased plasma volume leads to sloughing of gastric mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| Parts of the stomach that H. Pylori and pernicious anemia hit respectively |
|
Definition
HelicoBacter pylori hits the antrum.
Pernicious Anemia hits the body. |
|
|
Term
| Copper levels in wilson's disease |
|
Definition
| Total copper is decreased, free copper is increased. |
|
|
Term
| Pirenzepine, propantheline |
|
Definition
Block M1 receptors on ECL cells (↓ histamine secretion) and M3 receptors on
parietal cells (↓ H+ secretion).
Clinical use: Peptic ulcer. |
|
|
Term
| Antacids and adverse effects of each. |
|
Definition
1. Aluminum hydroxide––constipation and
hypophosphatemia; proximal muscle weakness, osteodystrophy, seizures
2. Magnesium hydroxide––diarrhea, hyporeflexia, hypotension, cardiac arrest
3. Calcium carbonate––hypercalcemia, rebound acid ↑
All can cause hypokalemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanism: A monoclonal antibody to TNF, proinflammatory cytokine.
Clinical use: Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis.
Toxicity: Respiratory infection, fever, hypotension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MAB that binds B7 and prevents costimulation of T cells |
|
|
Term
| HIV Protease inhibitors and toxicity |
|
Definition
Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir. All protease inhibitors end in -navir.
Toxicity: GI intolerance (nausea, diarrhea), hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy, thrombocytopenia (indinavir). |
|
|
Term
Nucleoside Reverse transcriptase
inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Zidovudine (ZDV, formerly AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), abacavir. |
|
|
Term
| Non-nucleosides Reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine. Never Ever Deliver nucleosides. |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity of Reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
Definition
Bone marrow suppression (neutropenia, anemia), peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis(nucleosides), rash (non-nucleosides), megaloblastic anemia (ZDV).
GM-CSF and erythropoietin can be used to reduce bone marrow suppression. |
|
|
Term
| Name, MOA, Toxicity and Use of HIV fusion inhibitor |
|
Definition
Enfuvirtide.
Mechanism: Bind viral gp41 subunit; inhibit conformational change required for fusion with CD4 cells. Therefore block entry and subsequent replication.
Toxicity: Hypersensitivity reactions, reactions at subcutaneous injection site, ↑ risk of bacterial pneumonia.
Clinical use: In patients with persistent viral replication in spite of antiretroviral therapy. Used in combination with other drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds CD20, used in lymphoma monotherapy |
|
|
Term
| Inheritance of spherocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood type associated with gastric cancer? Duodenal ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic test of choice for von Willebrand disease. |
|
Definition
| The ristocetin induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) is an in vitro assay for von Willebrand factor activity used to diagnose von Willebrand disease. It has the benefit over the ristocetin cofactor activity in that it can diagnose type 2B vWD and Bernard-Soulier syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| Prothrombin gene mutation |
|
Definition
| Mutation in 3' untranslated region associated with venous clot. |
|
|
Term
| affected enzyme and accumualated substrate in lead poisoning |
|
Definition
Enzymes: ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase.
Substrates: Coproporphyrin and ALA |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme affected and substrate accumulated in acute intermittent porphyria |
|
Definition
Enzyme: Uroporphyrinogen I Synthase
Substrate: Porphobilinogen and Delta-ALA |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme affected and substrate accumulated in porphyria cutanea tarda |
|
Definition
Enzyme: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Substrate: Uroporphyrin (tea colored) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Aplastic Anemia |
|
Definition
| Radiation, benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, viral agents (parvovirus B19, EBV, HIV), Fanconi’s anemia, idiopathic (immune mediated, 1° stem cell defect). May follow acute hepatitis. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of genes are the myc genes that are seen in cancer |
|
Definition
| Transcription activators that control cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free radical scavenging agent that reduces the incidence of neutropenia-related fever and infection induced by DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide) and platinum-containing agents (e.g. cisplatin). It is also used to decrease the cumulative nephrotoxicity associated with platinum-containing agents. Amifostine is also indicated to reduce the incidence of xerostomia in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Associate warm-agglutin (IgG) hemolytic anemia with what |
|
Definition
| SLE, CLL, and drugs i.e. Alpha-methyldopa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased Bleeding time, normal PT and PTT. Deficiency of vWF cleaving metalloproteinase leads to excess large vWF factor multimers that cause platelet aggregation. |
|
|
Term
| Mantle cell lymphoma is associated with what cluster designation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in hematopoetic growth factor signaling. Mutations are implicated in myeloproliferative disorders other than CML. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of antithrombin III |
|
Definition
| Decreases the action of IIa (thrombin) and Xa. LMWH act more on Xa, have better availability and 2-4 times longer half life |
|
|
Term
| Antidote for thrombolytics |
|
Definition
| Aminocaproic acid, an inhibitor of fibrinolysis. |
|
|
Term
| Clopidogrel, ticlopidine MOA and toxicity |
|
Definition
Inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors. Inhibit fibrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression.
Toxicity: Neutropenia (ticlopidine). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase leading to a decrease and dTMP.
Tox: Myelosuppression, which is reversible with leucovorin (folinic acid) “rescue.” Macrovesicular fatty change in liver. Mucositis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S-phase-specific antimetabolite. Pyrimidine analog bioactivated to 5F-dUMP, which covalently complexes folic acid. This complex inhibits thymidylate synthase, resulting in ↓ dTMP and same effects as MTX.
Tox: Myelosuppression, which is NOT reversible with leucovorin; photosensitivity.
Can “rescue” with thymidine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanism Blocks de novo purine synthesis. Activated by HGPRTase.
Toxicity Bone marrow, GI, liver. Metabolized by xanthine oxidase; thus ↑ toxicity with allopurinol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanism Inhibits DNA polymerase.
Toxicity Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia. |
|
|
Term
| Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide |
|
Definition
Mechanism: Alkylating agents; covalently x-link (interstrand) DNA at guanine N-7. Require bioactivation by liver.
Toxicity Myelosuppression; hemorrhagic cystitis, which can be partially prevented with mesna. |
|
|
Term
| Nitrosoureas Names, MOA, Use and Tox |
|
Definition
Carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin.
Mechanism Alkylate DNA. Require bioactivation. Cross blood-brain barrier → CNS.
Clinical use: Brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme).
Toxicity: CNS toxicity (dizziness, ataxia). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism: (Cross link DNA) Act like alkylating agents.
Toxicity Nephrotoxicity and acoustic nerve damage. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism Alkylates DNA.
Toxicity Pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Term
| Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin |
|
Definition
Mechanism Generate free radicals and noncovalently intercalate in DNA (creating breaks in DNA strand to ↓ replication).
Toxicity Cardiotoxicity; also myelosuppression and marked alopecia. Toxic extravasation. |
|
|
Term
| Dactinomycin (actinomycin D), MOA, Use and Tox |
|
Definition
Mechanism Intercalates in DNA.
Clinical use Wilms’ tumor, Ewing’s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. (childhood tumors)
Toxicity Myelosuppression. |
|
|
Term
| Dactinomycin (actinomycin D), MOA, Use and Tox |
|
Definition
Mechanism Intercalates in DNA.
Clinical use Wilms’ tumor, Ewing’s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma. (childhood tumors)
Toxicity Myelosuppression. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism: Induces formation of free radicals, which cause breaks in DNA strands.
Toxicity Pulmonary fibrosis, skin changes, but minimal myelosuppression. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism Inhibits Ribonucleotide Reductase →↓DNA Synthesis (S-phase specific).
Toxicity: Bone marrow suppression, GI upset. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism G2-phase-specific agent that inhibits topoisomerase II and ↑ DNA degradation.
Toxicity Myelosuppression, GI irritation, alopecia. |
|
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Term
| Proposed MOA of prednisone as a anti-cancer drug |
|
Definition
| May trigger apoptosis. May even work on nondividing cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism Monoclonal antibody against HER-2 (erb-B2). Helps kill breast cancer cells that
overexpress HER-2, possibly through antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
Clinical use Metastatic breast cancer.
Toxicity Cardiotoxicity. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism M-phase-specific alkaloids that bind to tubulin and block polymerization of microtubules
so that mitotic spindle cannot form. Microtubules are the vines of your cells.
Toxicity Vincristine––neurotoxicity (areflexia, peripheral neuritis), paralytic ileus.
VinBLASTine BLASTs Bone marrow (suppression). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Mechanism M-phase-specific agents that bind to tubulin and hyperstabilize polymerized microtubules so that mitotic spindle cannot break down (anaphase cannot occur).
Toxicity Myelosuppression and hypersensitivity. |
|
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Term
| What effect does uremia have on PT, PTT and bleeding time. |
|
Definition
| Prolongs bleeding time. PT, PTT and platelet count are all normal but it causes platelet disfunction. Improves after dialysis due to removal of platelet inhibitory factors. |
|
|
Term
| Pure red cell aplasia is associated with what tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nmuemonic for depression symptoms |
|
Definition
SIGECAPS
Sleep, Intrest(anhedonia), Guilt, Energy, Concentration, Appetite, psychomotor retardation, suicidality. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| TNF alpha blocker (decoy receptor that binds TNF). Get a PPD before starting a patient on it. |
|
|
Term
| Attachment and insertion of PCL and ACL |
|
Definition
PCL - Anterior lateral surface of the medial epicondyle and the posterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia.
ACL - Anterior portion of the intercondylar tibia to the posterior medial side of the lateral femoral condyle. |
|
|
Term
| Zona adherens, composed of what, where and connects to what |
|
Definition
| Just below tight junctions (zona occludens), composed of cadherins and attach to actin within the cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Desmosomes, cadherins attach to keratin intermediate filaments. Contains desmoplakin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| CEll to underlying BM. Contains integrin and binds lamin to BM. |
|
|
Term
| Rotator cuff muscle and function |
|
Definition
Supraspinatus––helps deltoid abduct arm.
Infraspinatus––laterally rotates arm.
Teres minor––adducts and laterally rotates arm.
Subscapularis––medially rotates and adducts arm. |
|
|
Term
| Type I muscle fast or slow twitch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can't dorsiflex, extend toes or evert foot, sensory deficit is anterolateral leg and dorsal aspect of foot. L4-S2. |
|
|
Term
| Nerve that provides sensation to web space between first and second toe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tibial, L4-S3, can't invert or planter flex, loss of sensation to sole of foot. |
|
|
Term
| Posterior hip dislocation or polio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Posterior hip dislocation |
|
Definition
| Inferior Gluteal, L5-S2, can't jump, climb stairs or raise from seated position. |
|
|
Term
| Pudendal nerve arises from what roots and takes what route? |
|
Definition
S2-S4. passes between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles and leaves the pelvis through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen, crosses the spine of the ischium, reenters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen, then accompanies the internal pudendal vessels upward and forward along the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa, being contained in a sheath of the obturator fascia termed the pudendal canal.
The pudendal nerve gives off the inferior rectal nerves. It soon divides into two terminal branches: the perineal nerve, and the dorsal nerve of the penis (males) or the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. |
|
|
Term
| Genetic deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II |
|
Definition
| Osteopetrosis Failure of normal bone resorption → thickened, dense bones. Bone defect is due to abnormal function of osteoclasts. Serum calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase are normal. |
|
|
Term
| Only abnormal lab in Paget's disease of bone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common benign bone tumor. Mature bone with cartilaginous cap. Usually in men < 25 years of age. Commonly originates from long metaphysis. Malignant transformation is rare. |
|
Definition
| Osteochondroma (exostosis) |
|
|
Term
| Benign cartilaginous neoplasm found in intramedullary bone. Usually distal extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs most commonly at epiphyseal end of long bones. Peak incidence 20–40 years of age. Locally aggressive benign tumor often around the distal femur, proximal tibial region (knee). Characteristic “double bubble” or “soap bubble” appearance on x-ray. Spindle-shaped cells with ultinucleated giant cells. |
|
Definition
| Giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma) |
|
|
Term
| Associated with Gardner’s syndrome (FAP). New piece of bone grows on another piece of bone, often in the skull. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interlacing trabeculae of woven bone surrounded by osteoblasts. < 2 cm and found in proximal tibia and femur. Most common in men < 25 years of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Same morphologically as osteoid osteoma, but larger and found in vertebral column. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaplastic small blue cell malignant tumor. Most common in boys < 15. Extremely aggressive with early mets, but responsive to chemotherapy. |
|
Definition
| Ewing’s sarcoma, “onion-skin” appearance in bone (“going out for Ewings and onion rings”). Commonly appears in diaphysis of long bones, pelvis, scapula, and ribs. 11;22 translocation. |
|
|
Term
| Malignant cartilaginous tumor. Most common in men aged 30–60. Usually located in pelvis, spine, scapula, humerus, tibia, or femur. |
|
Definition
| Chondrosarcoma, May be of 1° origin or from osteochondroma. Expansile glistening mass within the medullary cavity. |
|
|
Term
| “Pencil in cup” deformity on x-ray. |
|
Definition
Psoriatic arthritis - Joint pain and stiffness associated with psoriasis.
Asymmetric and patchy involvement. Dactylitis (“sausage fingers”) is commonly observed. Seen in less than 1/3 of psoriasis patients |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies and Sensitivity/specificity, prognostic revelance for lupus |
|
Definition
ANA - sensitve, not specific
dsDNA - specific, poor prognosis
Anti-smith - Specific but not prognostic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GRAIN
Gammaglobulinemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
ACE increase
Interstitial fibrosis
Noncaseating granulomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symptoms Pain and stiffness in shoulders and hips, often with fever, malaise, and weight loss. Does NOT cause muscular weakness(differentiates from polymyositis). Occurs in patients > 50 years of age; associated with temporal (giant cell) arteritis.
Findings ↑ ESR, normal CK.
Treatment Prednisone. |
|
|
Term
| Mixed connective tissue disease |
|
Definition
| Raynaud’s phenomenon, arthralgias, myalgias, fatigue, and esophageal hypomotility. Antibodies to U1RNP. Responds to steroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psoriasis (bleeding spots when scales are scraped off). Can be associated with psoriatic arthritis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pruritic, Purple, Polygonal Papules. Sawtooth infiltrate of lymphocytes at dermal-epidermal junction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperplasia of stratum spinosum. Associated with hyperlipidemia (e.g., from Cushing’s disease, diabetes) and visceral malignancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white patches on the skin, which may cause scarring on and around genital skin. Histologically there's hyperkeratosis, atrophic epidermis, sclerosis of dermis and lymphocyte activity in dermis. Treat w steroids. May predispose to squamous cell ca. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophil chemotactic agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function in bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, contraction of smooth muscle, and ↑ vascular permeability. |
|
|
Term
| Rash, eczema, and mousy or musty odor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleoside analogue used to treat herpes infection that doesn't require phosphorylation by viral kinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat topped violaceous papules present over the joints of the fingers. Associate with dermatomyositis. |
|
|
Term
| features that distinguish edwards for patau syndrome |
|
Definition
Patau - usually have midline defects, cleft lip and palate, polydactyly and omphalocele.
Edwards - low set ears and overlapping fingers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sialic acid anologue inhibitor of Influenza A and B virus neuraminadase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits M2 ion channel protein of influenza A virus, blocking blocking uncoating after host cell endocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyrophosphate analog that does not require intracellular activation. Direclty inhibits DNA polymerase in herpes and reverse transcriptase in HIV |
|
|
Term
| HIV proteins associated with gag gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV proteins associated with env gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV pol gene encodes what |
|
Definition
| reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulatory genes required for replication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic code for a bacterial toxin encoded in a lysogenic phage. COBEDS
Cholera
O antigen of salmonella??
Botulinum toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S. Pyogenes
Diptheria Toxin
Shiga-like toxin (E.coli O157:H7) |
|
|
Term
Block M1 receptors on ECL cells (↓ histamine secretion) and M3 receptors on
parietal cells (↓ H+ secretion).
Clinical use: Peptic ulcer. |
|
Definition
| Pirenzepine, propantheline |
|
|
Term
| Social, Fine motor, gross motor and language milestones at 1 year of age |
|
Definition
Social: Imitiation, pointing
Fine motor: Pincer grasp
gross motor: walking
language: Mama, Dada |
|
|
Term
| Social, Fine motor, gross motor and language milestones at 2 years of age |
|
Definition
Social: imitiation of household tasks
Fine motor: page turning
gross motor: jumping, stand on one foot
language: 2 word phrases |
|
|
Term
| Social, Fine motor, gross motor and language milestones at 3 years of age |
|
Definition
Social: Parallel play
Fine motor:reproduces simple shapes
gross motor: climb stairs, ride tricycle
language: simple sentences |
|
|
Term
| Social, Fine motor, gross motor and language milestones at 4 years of age |
|
Definition
Social: Cooperative play, toilet use
Fine motor: dresses self with help
gross motor: running w/out difficulty
language: complex sentences w pronoun and plural use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance to a varying degree. It is characterized by episodes of vertigo and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss, usually in one ear. believed to be related to endolymphatic hydrops or excess fluid in the inner ear. |
|
|
Term
| Typical antipsychotics, MOA and Side effects |
|
Definition
| Haloperidol and fluphenazine(high potency), thioridazine and chlorpromazine(low potency). Block D2 receptors. Extrapyramidal side effects are common and more so among the higher potency antipsychotics. |
|
|
Term
| Atypical antipsychotics, MOA and side effects. |
|
Definition
| Olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and clozapine. Block Dopamine AND 5-HT2 receptors. Endocrine side effects are common i.e diabetes, weight gain. Clozapine may cause agranulocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh what nerve roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the elderly population, amyloid angiopathy is associated with cerebral infarcts as well as hemorrhage in superficial locations, rather than deep white matter or basal ganglia. These are usually described as "lobar". |
|
|
Term
| First line treatment of an acute manic episode |
|
Definition
| Lithium or valproate or carbamazepine plus an atypical anitpsychotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PPI, same a class as omeprazole |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of serotonin syndrome. |
|
Definition
Cyproheptadine, antihistaminic/anticholinergic and antiserotonergic agent. It also acts as a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist as well as blocking calcium channels. Can also be used for hayfever, and nightmares related to PTSD.
Agitation related to serotonin syndrome can be treated with benzodiazepines. |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that cause seizures |
|
Definition
| Buproprion, Isoniazid(if given without B6) and Imipenem |
|
|
Term
| Cofactor used in transamination reactions? What other functions does it have and what does deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Deficiency Convulsions, hyperirritability (deficiency inducible by INH and oral contraceptives), peripheral neuropathy.
Function: Converted to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor used in transamination (e.g., ALT and AST),
decarboxylation reactions, glycogen phosphorylase, and heme synthesis. Required for the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan. |
|
|
Term
| faculatative intracellular |
|
Definition
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY.
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia. |
|
|
Term
| Benzo w the shortest half life |
|
Definition
| Alprazolam (xanax), next shortest is lorazepam (Ativan) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of TCA induced cardiac abnormalities |
|
Definition
| Sodium bicarbonate (alkalinize serum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine |
|
|
Term
| Antidote for Arsenic, mercury, gold |
|
Definition
| Dimercaprol (BAL), succimer |
|
|
Term
| Antidote for Copper, arsenic, gold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antidote for cyanide poisoning |
|
Definition
| Nitrite, hydroxocobalamin, thiosulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
When administered in conjunction with dopaminergic agents such as L-DOPA, entacapone prevents COMT from metabolizing L-DOPA in the periphery which increases the availabilty of dopamine to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Inhaled anesthetics and blood gas solubilities |
|
Definition
| Gas will not start to transfer to tissue until the blood is fully saturated, meaning the partial pressure in the blood is equal to partial pressure in the lungs. The more soluble the anesthetic, the longer this takes and the slower the onset. High solubility = high blood:gas ratio = slow onset and slow recovery. |
|
|
Term
| MAC, meaning, relation to potency how it changes w multiple drugs and age. |
|
Definition
| Minimum concentration at which 50% of patients don't respond to surgical stimulus. Low MAC = high potency and high lipid solubility. MAC values additive, decrease with age and concomitant use of opiates or sedative hypnotics. |
|
|
Term
| Pharmological treatment of acute heart block in the AV node. |
|
Definition
| Isoproteronol or atropine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dynamic fine touch i.e. manipulation(adapts quickly). Found on glabrous (hairless) skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vibration and pressure. Found in deep skin layers, ligaments and joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Static touch i.e. shapes, edges textures (adapts slowly). Found in hair follicles. |
|
|
Term
| Location of synthesis of NE in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of synthesis of Dopamine in brain |
|
Definition
| Ventral tegmentum and SNc |
|
|
Term
| Location of synthesis of 5-HT in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of synthesis of ACh in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral area of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Hunger-destruction leads to anorexia. Inhibited by leptin. |
|
|
Term
| Ventromedial area of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Satiety - lesion leads to hyperphagia. Stimulated by leptin. |
|
|
Term
| Anterior area of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Cooling, under parasympathetic control |
|
|
Term
| Posterior area of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Heating - sympathetic control |
|
|
Term
| Septal nucleus of hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body sensation (proprioception, pressure, pain, touch, vibration via dorsal columns, spinothalamic tract). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facial sensation via CN V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
essential cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and nitric oxide.
Dihydrobiopterin is converted back into tetrahydrobiopterin using the NADPH-dependent enzyme dihydrobiopterin reductase. This enzyme is sometimes defective in patients with phenylketonuria |
|
|
Term
| Ventral anterior/lateral (VA/VL) nuclei of thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and anterior choroidal arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial agonist/antagonist at opioid receptors. Pain relief with low abuse potential. May precipitate withdrawel symptoms in opiate users. |
|
|
Term
| Urine turns dark upon standing, accompanied by abdominal pain or symptoms that mimic guillan-barre. Also, treatment of acute symptoms. |
|
Definition
| Acute intermittant porphyria. Glucose infusion will inhibit heme synthesis and relieve symptoms. Porphyrinogen in urine will turn into porphyrin when exposed to UV light and will darken. |
|
|
Term
| Young child with mild mental retardation and eye problems has a massive stroke and dies. What disease, pathophys, lab findings and treatment. |
|
Definition
| Homocystinurua - deficient cystathionine synthase or reduced affinity of the enzyme for B6. Also see marfanoid habitus, increased serum methionine and urine homocysteine. Autosomal recessive. Treat w B6, methionine restriction and folate/cysteine supplementation. |
|
|
Term
| Atypical depression criteria |
|
Definition
a) Mood reactivity (i.e., mood brightens in response to actual or potential positive events)
b) At least two of the following:
Significant weight gain or increase in appetite;
Hypersomnia (sleeping too much, as opposed to the insomnia present in melancholic depression;
Leaden paralysis (i.e., heavy, leaden feelings in arms or legs);
Long-standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity (not limited to episodes of mood disturbance) that results in significant social or occupational impairment.
c) Criteria are not met for Melancholic Depression or Catatonic Depression during the same episode. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of atypical depression |
|
Definition
| MOAi work well. TCA have little to no effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla,
enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenohypophysis; lens of eye; epithelial linings of skin, ear, eye, and nose; epidermis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Includes cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, and mammillary bodies. Responsible for The famous 5 F’s.
Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contralateral cortical input - middle cerebellar peduncle.
Ipsilateral proprioception - inferior cerebellar peduncle.
All input is through climbing and mossy fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modulates movement. Purkinjie fibers to deep nuclei to superior cerebellar peduncle to contralateral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Deep nuclei of cerebellum |
|
Definition
Don't Eat Greasy Foods. Lateral to Medial.
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose and Fastigial.
Lateral - voluntary movement of extremities.
Medial - Balance, truncal coordination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lewy bodies, parkinson's disease in SNc, in cortex think dementia with lewy bodies (Parkinsonism w dementia and hallucinations). |
|
|
Term
| Bilateral amygdala lesion |
|
Definition
| Kluver-Bucy syndrome - Hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebellar lesions result in deficits on what side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unilateral lesions of the PPRF |
|
Definition
| Can't look to the side of the lesion w either eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PPRF plus ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus lesion (INO).
Neither eye can look to the side of the lesion plus eye on the side of lesion can't look medially. |
|
|
Term
| Frontal eye fields, where are they located and which direction will lesion and irritation cause eyes to deviate towards. |
|
Definition
| Located in the frontal lobe in front of the motor strip. Eyes look toward a destructive lesion and away from irritation (seizure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divisions of middle cerebral artery; “arteries of stroke”; supply internal capsule (pure motor stroke), caudate, putamen, globus pallidus. |
|
|
Term
| Posterior communicating artery |
|
Definition
| Common area of aneurysm, CN III palsy |
|
|
Term
| Stroke of what artery hits the lateral medulla and what symptoms will it cause? |
|
Definition
| PICA - nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia, nausea, vomiting and Horners syndrome. Sensory deficits of contralateral body, ipsilateral face. Ipsilateral CN deficits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bright on diffuse weighted MRI in 3-30 minutes. Dark on CT ~ 24 hrs. |
|
|
Term
| Lateral venricles communicate with third ventricle through what foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Layers pierced during lumbar puncture |
|
Definition
1. Skin/superficial fascia
2. Ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous,
ligamentum flavum)
3. Epidural space
4. Dura mater
5. Subdural space
6. Arachnoid
7. Subarachnoid space––CSF |
|
|
Term
| Diseases that destroy anterior horn only |
|
Definition
| Polio and werdnig hoffman. LMN only, flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What will you not see in a patient with ALS |
|
Definition
| NO Sensory, cognitive or oculomotor defects. Can be caused by SOD I mutation or betel nut ingestion. |
|
|
Term
| Friedreichs ataxia and B12 deficiency take out what tracts? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal columns, Lateral Cortical spinal tract and spinocerebellar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GAA repeat that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, dysarthria, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Presents in childhood w kyphoscoliosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior half of skull cap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xiphoid process is what dermatone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inguinal ligament is what dermatone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Reflexes) Stimulation of Ia afferent leads to what? |
|
Definition
| Synapses of Alpha motor neuron which leads to muscle (extrafusal) contraction. |
|
|
Term
| (Reflexes) Ib afferent has what function |
|
Definition
| Senses tension at the golgi tendon organ and provides inhibitory feedback to alpha motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visceral Sensory information. Solitaris for Sensory (e.g., taste, baroreceptors, gut distention).
VII, IX, X. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aMbiguus = Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (e.g., swallowing, palate elevation). IX, X, XI. |
|
|
Term
Which nucleus sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to heart,
lungs, and upper GI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only glossus muscle not innervated by XII |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use of alpha and beta interferon |
|
Definition
Alpha - Hepatitis B and C, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leukemias, malignant melanoma
Beta - Multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease |
|
Definition
| hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), is an inherited disorder of nerves (neuropathy) that takes different forms. It is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs but also in the hands and arms in the advanced stages of disease. Presently incurable, this disease is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders, with 36 in 100,000 affected. Due to defective production of proteins involved in the structure of function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consciousness is intact. Can be motor sensory, autonomic or psychic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired consciousness. Both simple and partial seizures most commonly originate in the temporal lobe can be preceded by aura and can generalize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressed neurological activity leads to release of Inflammatory mediators, substance P, CGRP, vasoactive peptides... leads to irritation of CN V and dilation of vessels. |
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Term
| Genetics of von Hippel-Lindau disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetics of tuberous sclerosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetics of tuberous sclerosis |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
X-linked disorder seen only in girls (affected males die in utero).
Characterized by loss of development and mental retardation appearing at
approximately age 4. Loss of verbal skills, ataxia, stereotyped hand-wringing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpah agonist used in glaucome. ↓ aqueous humor synthesis No pupillary or vision changes. |
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Term
| Drug of choice for acute closed angle glaucoma |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| PGF2a prostaglandin used in glaucoma. ↑ outflow of aqueous humor. Darkens color of iris (browning) |
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Term
| Mechanism of opioid analgesics |
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Definition
| Acts on mu, delta or kappa receptors to open K+ channels and close Ca2+ channels which decreases synaptic transmission |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patial agonist at Mu, full agonist at kappa. Used for pain, causes less respiratory depression. Can cause withdrawal if on full agonist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Very weak opiod agonist, inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake, used for chronic pain. Similar toxicity to opioids, decreases seizure threshold. NOT for epileptics!!! |
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Term
| First line drugs for tonic clonic seizures |
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Definition
| Phenytoin, Carbemazepine or valproic acid. |
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Term
| First line to prevent seizures of eclampsia |
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Definition
| MgSO4, use benzos for acute seizure |
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Term
| 1st line acute status epilepticus |
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Definition
| Benzos, esp lorazepam or diazepam. |
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Term
| 1st line acute status epilepticus prevention |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which epilepsy drugs work only on Na+ channels |
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Definition
| Phenytoin and carbemazepine (increase channel inactivation), and lamotrigine (blocks voltage gated Na+ channels) |
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Term
| Which epilepsy drugs work through Na channels and have effects of GABA |
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Definition
| Valproic acid and topirimate. |
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Term
| Which inhaled anesthetic is nephrotoxic |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Systemic effects of inhaled anesthetics |
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Definition
| Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, ↑ cerebral blood flow (↓ cerebral metabolic demand). |
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Term
| Ketamine (Arylcyclohexylamine) |
|
Definition
| Blocks NMDA receptors. PCP analogs that act as dissociative anesthetics. Cardiovascular stimulants. Cause disorientation, hallucination, and bad dreams. ↑ cerebral blood flow. |
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Term
| Which Anesthetic decreases cerebral blood flow |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for rapid anesthesia induction and short procedures. Less postoperative nausea than thiopental. |
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Term
| Nerve properties that affect local anesthetic action |
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Definition
| Order of nerve blockade––small-diameter fibers > large diameter. Myelinated fibers > unmyelinated fibers. Overall, size factor predominates over myelination such that small myelinated fibers > small unmyelinated fibers > large myelinated fibers > large unmyelinated fibers. Order of loss––pain (lose first) > temperature > touch > pressure (lose last). |
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Term
| Dopamine agonists used in Parkinson's disease |
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Definition
| Bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coronary vasospasm, mild tingling (contraindicated in patients with CAD or Prinzmetal’s angina), hypertensive emergencies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alzheimer drug. NMDA antagonist, prevents Ca2+ mediated excitotoxicity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alzheimer's drug. Acytlcholinesterase inhibitor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| medical term for a sensation that resembles that of insects crawling on (or under) the skin |
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Term
| Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a reward. |
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Definition
Operant conditioning.
Positive reinforcement––desired reward produces action (mouse presses button to get food).
Negative reinforcement––removal of aversive stimulus elicits behavior (mouse presses button to avoid shock). Do not confuse with punishment.
Punishment––application of aversive stimulus to extinguish unwanted behavior. |
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Term
| Behavior acquired by watching others and assimilating actions into one’s own repertoire. |
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Definition
| Known as Modeling, in the more broad category of social learning. |
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Term
| Behavior achieved following reward of closer and closer approximations of desired behavior. |
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Definition
| Shaping, also a part of social learning. |
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Term
| Antisocial behavior disorder before age 18 |
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Definition
| Known as conduct disorder |
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Term
| Childhood disintegrative disorder |
|
Definition
| marked regression in multiple areas of functioning after at least 2 years of apparently normal development. Significant loss of expressive or receptive language, social skills or adaptive behavior, bowel or bladder control, play, or motor skills. Onset at 2–10 years of age. More common in boys and ages 3-4. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior and supportive therapy to increase social and communication skills. |
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Term
| Neuritransmitter changes with Anxiety |
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Definition
| Anxiety––↑ NE, ↓ GABA, ↓ serotonin (5-HT). |
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Term
| Neuritransmitter changes with depession |
|
Definition
| Depression––↓ NE and ↓ serotonin (5-HT). |
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Term
| Neuritransmitter changes with Alzheimer's dementia |
|
Definition
| Alzheimer’s dementia––↓ ACh. |
|
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Term
| Neuritransmitter changes with Huntington's disease |
|
Definition
| Huntington’s disease––↓ GABA, ↓ ACh. |
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Term
| Neuritransmitter changes with schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Schizophrenia––↑ dopamine. |
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Term
| Neuritransmitter changes with Parkinsons |
|
Definition
| Parkinson’s disease––↓ dopamine, ↑ ACh. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hallucinations are perceptions in the absence of external stimuli |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Illusions are misinterpretations of actual external stimuli. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loose associations are disorders in the form of thought (the way ideas are tied together). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Milder for of bipolar disorder lasting at least 2 years. |
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Term
| Which bipolar disorder is associated with mania, which is hypomania. |
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Definition
Bipolar type I = mania
Bipolar type II = hypomania |
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Term
| Patients with depression typically have the following changes in their sleep stages: |
|
Definition
1. ↓ slow-wave sleep
2. ↓ REM latency
3. ↑ REM early in sleep cycle
4. ↑ total REM sleep
5. Repeated nighttime awakenings
6. Early-morning awakening (important screening question) |
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Term
| Patients with depression typically have the following changes in their sleep stages: |
|
Definition
1. ↓ slow-wave sleep
2. ↓ REM latency
3. ↑ REM early in sleep cycle
4. ↑ total REM sleep
5. Repeated nighttime awakenings
6. Early-morning awakening (important screening question) |
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Term
| Treatment of panic disorder |
|
Definition
| Cognitive behavior therapy, SSRIs, TCAs or benzodiazepines. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major defense mechanism of people with paranoid personality disorder |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to treat heroin addiction. Naltrexone + buprenorphine (partial agonist). long acting with fewer withdrawal symptoms than methadone. Withdrawal symptoms if injected (lower abuse potential) |
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Term
| Treatment of depression with insomnia |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Treatment of tourette's syndrome |
|
Definition
| Antipsychotics (haloperidol) |
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Term
| Treatment of atypical depression |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of anorexia or bulimia |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates 5HT1A receptors |
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Term
| Mirtazapine MOA and side effects |
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Definition
α2 antagonist (↑ release of NE and serotonin) and potent 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
Toxicity: sedation, ↑ appetite, weight gain, dry mouth. |
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Term
| Maprotiline MOA and side effects |
|
Definition
| Blocks NE reuptake. Toxicity: sedation, orthostatic hypotension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primarily inhibit serotonin reuptake. Primarily used for insomnia as high doses are needed for antidepressant effect. Toxicity: sedation, nausea, priapism, postural hypotension. |
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Term
| What two vitamin deficiencies could look like friedreich's ataxia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme deficient in Maple Syrup Urine disease |
|
Definition
| Branched chain Alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase. Uses all the same cofactors as Pyruvate dehydrogenase: Thiamine, NAD+, FAD, lipoic acid, CoA |
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Term
| Drug that would increase the peripheral degradation of Levadopa |
|
Definition
| Multivitamin B6. Cofactor for Dopa decarboxylase (Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, acts on tryptophan as well) |
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Term
| Drug of choice for a child that suffers from both absence and tonic clonic seizures. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration |
|
Definition
associated with lung, ovarian, breast, and other cancers.
It is believed to be due to an autoimmune reaction targeted against components of the central nervous system (specifically Purkinje cells and large brain stem nuclei). It is thought to be caused by an anti-neuronal Antibody known as anti-Yo.
It typically presents as a subacute progressive cerebellar ataxia, both truncal and appendicular. |
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Term
| Epileptic with generalized lymphadenopathy. What drug may have caused this? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an anticonvulsant of the pyrimidinedione class whose active metabolites, phenobarbital (major) and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) (minor), are also anticonvulsants. Not used much anymore. |
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Term
| Thioridazine is associated with what specific side effect |
|
Definition
| Retinal deposits that can resemble retinitis pigmentosa |
|
|
Term
| Chlorpromazine is associated with what specific side effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug to prevent adverse after effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage. |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine, prevents vasospasms. |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone's effect of H+ |
|
Definition
| Promotes H+ secretion from intercalated cells in the renal collecting tubules via H+/K+ exchanger. |
|
|
Term
| Common electrolyte disturbances related to Amphotericin B treatment |
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, due to increase in distal tubular membrane permeability. |
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|
Term
| Chronic NSAID use can cause what 2 kidney problems and how would you differentiate the two. |
|
Definition
Papillary necrosis - colicky flank pain, gross hematuria and passage of tissue fragments in the urine.
Chronic interstitial nephritis - modest elevation in creatinine, evidence of tubular dysfunction (polyuria, nocturia) and mild proteinuria. |
|
|
Term
| effective renal plasma flow |
|
Definition
| Equal to the clearance of PAH, underestimates the true RPF by about 10% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CH2O = V − Cosm.
V = urine flow rate; Cosm = UosmV/Posm.
With ADH: CH2O < 0.
Without ADH: CH2O > 0.
Isotonic urine: CH2O = 0. |
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|
Term
| LM: glomeruli enlarged and hypercellular, neutrophils, “lumpy-bumpy.” EM: subepithelial humps. IF: granular pattern. |
|
Definition
| Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular disease associated with Hep B |
|
Definition
| Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. HBV > HCV |
|
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Term
| Type of kindney stones caused by urease positve bugs |
|
Definition
| Ammonium Magnesium phosphate (Struvite). 2nd most common kidney stone. May form staghorn calculi that can be a nidus for UTIs. |
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Term
| Associated findings with Wilm's tumor |
|
Definition
| WAGR - Wilms’ tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformation, and mental-motor Retardation. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of transitional cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
Pee SAC
Phenacetin, Smoking, Aniline dyes, and Cyclophosphamide |
|
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Term
| Associate with diffuse cortical necrosis |
|
Definition
| DIC, Septic shock, abruptio placenta |
|
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Term
| Drug induced interstitial nephritis |
|
Definition
| Acute interstitial renal inflammation. Fever, rash, eosinophilia, hematuria 2 weeks after administration. Drugs (e.g., penicillin derivatives, NSAIDs, diuretics) act as haptens inducing hypersensitivity. |
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Term
|
Definition
Most common cause of acute renal failure. Reversible, but fatal if left untreated. Associated with renal ischemia (e.g., shock), crush injury (myoglobulinuria), toxins. Death most often occurs during initial oliguric phase. Recovery in 2–3 weeks.
Loss of cell polarity, epithelial cell detachment, necrosis, granular (“muddy
brown”) casts. Three stages: inciting event → maintenance (low urine, hyperkalemia) → recovery (high urine, hypokalemia). |
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|
Term
Prerenal Azotemia values
Urine osmolality
Urine Na
FeNa
BUN/Cr ratio |
|
Definition
Urine osmolality > 500
Urine Na < 10
FeNa < 1%
BUN/Cr ratio > 20 |
|
|
Term
Intrinsic renal failure
Urine osmolality
Urine Na
FeNa
BUN/Cr ratio |
|
Definition
Urine osmolality < 350
Urine Na > 20
FeNa > 2%
BUN/Cr ratio < 15 |
|
|
Term
Postrenal
Urine osmolality
Urine Na
FeNa
BUN/Cr ratio |
|
Definition
Urine osmolality < 350
Urine Na >40
FeNa > 4%
BUN/Cr ratio > 15 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Defect in proximal tubule transport of amino acids, glucose, phosphate, uric acid, protein, and electrolytes. complications include rickets, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis. Can be caused by Wilson's disease, glycogen storage diseases or drugs i.e. cisplatin, expired tetracyclines |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Collecting duct cysts. Good prognosis. Predisposes to kidney stones. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Medullary cysts. Ultrasound shows small kidney. Poor prognosis. |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity of Mannitol diuretic |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary edema, dehydration. Contraindicated in anuria, CHF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
OH DANG
Ototoxicity, Hypokalemia, Dehydration, Allergy (sulfa), Nephritis (interstitial), Gout. |
|
|
Term
| Loop diuretic that is not a sulfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patient undergoing invasive vascular procedure later develops cyanotic toe discoloration. What happened and what other problem may be seen? |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol Embolism. Can lead to renal failure or livedo retiularis (mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears like a lace-like purplish discoloration of the lower extremities. The discoloration is caused by swelling of the medium veins) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Taken up by Anaerobes and protazoa and metabolized into reduced reactive compiounds that damage DNA, protein and membranes. Causes a disulferam like effect, and can potentiate warfarin. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance |
|
Definition
| Acetylation, adenylation or addition of phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| Nerves, arteries, veins and lymphatics supplying the ovary are found within what structure |
|
Definition
| The suspensory ligament of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes |
|
Definition
A, B and C - African blindness and chronic infection
L1-3 - Lymphogranuloma venereum
D-K - everything else i.e. PID, urethritis, neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Only type of kidney stones that are readiolucent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of fetal hydronephrosis |
|
Definition
| Inadequate recanalizationof the ureters at the uteropelvic junction. Bilateral hydronephrosis. |
|
|
Term
| Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament |
|
Definition
| Connects the cervix to side wall of pelvis. Contains the uterine vessels. |
|
|
Term
| What ligament contains the ovaries, fallopian tubes and round ligament of the uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormonal control of male ejaculation and emission |
|
Definition
Emission - Sympathetic nervous system (hypogastric nerve)
Ejaculation - Visceral and somatic nerves (pudendal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| Which cells secrete androgen binding protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is responsible for closing the growth plate? |
|
Definition
| Testosterone (via estrogen derived from testosterone) |
|
|
Term
| Hormone levels in Klinefelters syndrome |
|
Definition
| Decreased inhibin and testosterone. Increased FSH, LH and Estrogen. |
|
|
Term
| Hormone levels in Androgen insensitivity |
|
Definition
| Testosterone, LH and Estrogen are all increased |
|
|
Term
| Hormone levels in 5-a reductase deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Normal. LH may be normal or increased. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypertension, edema and proteinuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be associated with preeclampsia. Hemolysis, Elevated LFT, Low Platelets. |
|
|
Term
| Painful bleeding in 3rd trimester |
|
Definition
| Abruptio placentae - premature detachment of placenta from implantation site. Fetal death. May be associated with DIC. ↑ risk with smoking, hypertension, cocaine use. |
|
|
Term
| Massive bleedig after delivery |
|
Definition
| Placenta Accreta - defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach directly to myometrium. Predisposed by prior C-section or inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| Painless bleeding any trimester |
|
Definition
| Placenta Previa - attachment of placenta to lower uterine segment. May occlude internal os. Prior C-section predisposes. |
|
|
Term
| Posterior urethral valves in utero predisposes to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone levels in polycystiv ovarian syndrome |
|
Definition
| Decreased FSH, Increased LH and testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often bilateral/multiple (ovaries). Due to gonadotropin stimulation. Associated with choriocarcinoma and moles. |
|
|
Term
| Which ovarian tumors lead to a rise in hCG |
|
Definition
| Dysgerminoma and choriocarcinoma. |
|
|
Term
| Which ovarian tumors lead to a rise in AFP |
|
Definition
| Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fleshy cellular lymphatic infiltrate. Good prognosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dermal lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma, Peau d'orange |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory breast cancer. 50% 5 year mortality rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common cause of “breast lumps” from age 25 to menopause. Presents with diffuse breast pain and multiple lesions, often bilateral. Usually does not indicate ↑ risk of carcinoma. Histologic types:
1. Fibrosis––hyperplasia of breast stroma.
2. Cystic––fluid filled, blue dome.
3. Sclerosing––↑ acini and intralobular fibrosis.
4. Epithelial hyperplasia––↑ in number of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule. ↑ risk of carcinoma with atypical cells. Occurs in women > 30 years of age. |
|
|
Term
| Most common breast tumor for those less than 25 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs causing gynecomastia |
|
Definition
Some Drugs Creat Awesome Knockers
Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, Alcohol and Ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
| PSA and free PSA levels in prostate cancer |
|
Definition
| High PSA and low fraction of free PSA |
|
|
Term
| Most common testicular tumor in old men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign, contains Reinke crystals; usually androgen producing, gynecomastia in men, precocious puberty in boys. |
|
|
Term
| Dinoprostone and misoprostol are analogues of what prostaglandins |
|
Definition
Dinoprostone - PGE2
Misoprostol - PGE1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B2 agonist used to reduce premature uterine contractions. Can also use terbutaline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Partial agonist at estrogen receptors in pituitary gland. Prevents normal feedback inhibition and ↑ release of LH and FSH from pituitary, which stimulates ovulation. Used to treat infertility and PCOS. May cause hot flashes, ovarian enlargement,
multiple simultaneous pregnancies, and visual disturbances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit the formation of the initiation complex by binding the 30S ribosome. Causes misreading. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds 50S, inhibits translocation of of the aminoacyl peptide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds 50S and inhibits formation of initiation complex and also inhibits translocation of aminoacyl peptide |
|
|
Term
| Land marks for pleura and where to perform a thoracocentisis |
|
Definition
In general, lungs start two intercostals above where the pluera ends. Mid clavicular line, pleura ends at 7th rib so between 5 and 7 (5th or 6th intercostal space).
Mid axillary: right side pleura ends at upper border of 10, left side is lower border of ten, so 7th or 8th intercostal space.
Paravertebral: pleura ends at 12 rib, so 9th or 10th intercostal space.
In short, shoot for 6,8 or 10. |
|
|
Term
| Blood gas in someone with acute PE |
|
Definition
| Hypoxemia with a respiratory alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| Acute vs chronic lung rejection |
|
Definition
Acute - occurs weeks after and involves the pulmonary vasculature
Chronic - months to years after and involves the small airways. Bronchiolitis Obliterans |
|
|
Term
| Drug of choice for anaerobic infections anove the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia with hyponatremia, diagnosis and treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catalase positve orginisms |
|
Definition
PANSS
Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Nocardia, serratia, and Staph |
|
|
Term
| Functional residual capacity is equal to what |
|
Definition
| Expiratory lung volume plus residual volume. Increased in COPD |
|
|
Term
| Viruses that make proteins that are cleaved into smaller functional proteins |
|
Definition
| SS + linear non-segmented RNA |
|
|
Term
| How the CFTR protein functions in different tissues. |
|
Definition
The CFTR is found in the epithelial cells of many organs including the lung, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and skin. Normally, the protein moves chloride and thiocyanate[12] ions (with a negative charge) out of an epithelial cell to the covering mucus. This results in an electrical gradient being formed and in the movement of (positively charged) sodium ions in the same direction as the chloride via a paracellular pathway. Due to this movement, the water potential of the mucus is reduced, resulting in the movement of water here by osmosis and a more fluid mucus.
In sweat glands, CFTR defects result in reduced transport of sodium chloride and sodium thiocyanate[13] in the reabsorptive duct and saltier sweat. |
|
|
Term
| Obstruction of a mainstem bronchus would cause what CXR findings |
|
Definition
| Opacification of the lung on the side of the lesion, collapse of airways distal to the lesion and tracheal deviation toward the collapse. |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic fracture that results in inability to void and a high riding prostate. |
|
Definition
| Posterior urethral valve injury |
|
|
Term
| How do people with fabry's disease die assuming no enzyme replacement therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pneumocyte - nonciliated; columnar with secretory granules. Secrete component of surfactant; degrade toxins; act as reserve cells. |
|
|
Term
| Structures perforating diaphragm and level |
|
Definition
IVC - T8
Esophagus - T10
Aorta - T12 |
|
|
Term
| When talking about lung volumes, what is a capacity |
|
Definition
| The sum of 2 or more volumes |
|
|
Term
| Determination of physiologic dead space |
|
Definition
| = Tidal volume X (PaCO2 – PeCO2)/PaCO2 |
|
|
Term
| Which form of hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, T or R |
|
Definition
| R, when you're Relaxed you carry O2 better. |
|
|
Term
| What types of things would change the pulmonary circulation from perfusion limited to diffusion limited in regards to O2. |
|
Definition
| Decreased area as in emphysema, increased thickness as in pulmonary fibrosis. Drastically increased exercise comes close, blood flow is so fast that it doesn't equilibrate by the time it reaches the end of the capillary. |
|
|
Term
| Primary pulmonary hypertension |
|
Definition
| Due to inactivating mutation in the BMPR2 gene (usually functions to inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation). Poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary vascular resistance |
|
Definition
PVR = (Ppulm artery – PL atrium)/ CO
PL atrium = pulmonary wedge pressure |
|
|
Term
| Pharmocologic treatment of RSV |
|
Definition
| Ribavirin, metabolized to resemble purine RNA nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
| Areas in respiratory tract that contain stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| True vocal cords, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, anterior and upper half of the posterior epiglottis. |
|
|
Term
| Which TB drug requires that it be processed by m. tb catalase peroxidase to be activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prophylaxis against M. avium in advanced HIV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eosinophilic fluid-filled spaces between granulosal cells.[1] The granulosa cells are usually arranged haphazardly around the space.
They are usually associated with Granulosa cell tumor. |
|
|
Term
| Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome |
|
Definition
| AKA Job's syndrome. Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality due to decreased production of IFN gamma. High IgE. characterized by recurrent "cold" staphylococcal infections, unusual eczema-like skin rashes, severe lung infections. Kids fail to lose baby teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH = pKa + log [HCO3-]/(0.03 Pco2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of drug in the body/plasma drug concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rate of drug elimination /
plasma drug concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two different diseases caused by mutations in the same gene is an example of what? |
|
Definition
| Allelic heterogeneity i.e. Beckers and duchennes MD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The phenomenon that a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by any one of a multiple number of alleles or non-allele (locus) mutations. [1] This is in contrast to pleiotropy, where a single gene may cause multiple phenotypic expressions or disorders. Genetic heterogeneity can be classified as either "allelic" or "locus".
Allelic heterogeneity means that different mutations within a single gene locus (forming multiple alleles of that gene) cause the same phenotypic expression. For example, there are over 1000 known mutant alleles of the CFTR gene that cause cystic fibrosis.
Locus heterogeneity means that variations in completely unrelated gene loci cause a single disorder. For example, retinitis pigmentosa has autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked origins. However, only one mutant locus is needed for the phenotype to manifest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation in same gene causes two different phenotypes |
|
|
Term
| Unmyelinated Afferents amd efferents |
|
Definition
Afferents - C fibers i.e. slow pain, heat and olfaction.
Efferents - Autonomic post-ganglionic nerves |
|
|
Term
| In MHC II, what does the external peptide replace during processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins are cut, transported to ER via TAP, bound to MHC I and presented on the surface with B2 microglobulin. |
|
|
Term
| HIV protein that mediates viral attachment |
|
Definition
| gp120, gp41 mediates penetration |
|
|
Term
| 3 Things used to lower trigylcerides |
|
Definition
| Fibrates, Niacin, and fish oil |
|
|
Term
| What lipid lowering agent can actually increase triglycerides |
|
Definition
| Bile acid-binding resins i.e. cholestyramine |
|
|
Term
| Two most immediate signs of marijuana use |
|
Definition
| Conjunctival injection and rapid heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What part of the small intestine absorbs lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose - normal
Protein - increased |
|
|
Term
| Test of choice to confirm menopause |
|
Definition
| Serum FSH (it will be high) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hypoglycemia in medical and nonmedical setting |
|
Definition
Medical - IV dextrose
Non-medical - IM glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Pancytopenia in a patient with SLE |
|
Definition
| Most likely Autoimmune, warm aggluttins |
|
|
Term
| Shortest acting benzos <10 hrs |
|
Definition
| Aplrzolam, triazolam, oxazepam |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme involved in bile acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AV shunts lead to what cardiovascular changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AR defect in DNA repair, sensitive to radiation. Cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, sinus infection and icreased malignancy. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of amenorrhea in a anorexic |
|
Definition
| Loss of GnRH from the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Antiphagocytic D-glutamate capsule |
|
Definition
| B. anthracis, required for pathogenicity |
|
|
Term
| Standard error of the mean |
|
Definition
| Standard deviation / Sqrt n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hep, Hep, Hep, Hooray, the SSSMMART Chick is Gone!
Hep A, B, C
HIV
Salmonella
Shigella
Syphilis
Measles
Mumps
AIDS
Rubella
Tuberculosis
Chickenpox
Gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - Hospital
B - Doctor bills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serotonergic predominance of raphe nucleus |
|
|
Term
| principal neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treat with stimulants (e.g., amphetamines, midafinil). |
|
|
Term
| Fastest to slowest conduction velocity through the heart |
|
Definition
| Purkinjie, Atrial muscle, ventricle muscle, AV node |
|
|
Term
| Side effects of foscarnet |
|
Definition
| Nephroxicity and electrolyte disturbances (chelates Ca2+ amd promotes Mg and Ca2+ wasting in kidney) |
|
|
Term
| Quick equation for Atributable risk percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major difference between cori's disease and Von Gierkes disease |
|
Definition
| Von Gierkes - has steatosis of the liver and cori's does not. Cori's disease can effect both muscle and liver while von Gierkes is just liver |
|
|
Term
| From amino acids to succinyl CoA |
|
Definition
| (Valine, Isoleucine) and Threonine, methionine are converted to propionyl CoA, which is then carboxylated (Propionyl CoA carboxylase, biotin dep) to methylmalonyl CoA, which is then isomerized (Methylmalonyl CoA isomerase, B12 dep) to succinyl CoA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carboxylic acid is introduced into a substrate. |
|
|
Term
| Side effects of amlodipine |
|
Definition
| Flushing and peripheral edema |
|
|
Term
| MAtching controls with neighbors with similar age and race is a method for controlling what potential problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis |
|
Definition
| Involves hypercoaguable state associated with malignancy (Murantic endocarditis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Distribution center
2. Modifies N-oligosaccharides on asparagine (added in ER)
3. Adds O-oligosaccharides to serine and threonine
4. Addition of mannose-6-phosphate to target to lysosome
5. Proteoglycan assembly from proteoglycan core proteins.
6. Sulfation of sugars in proteoglycans and of selected tyrosines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubule polymerization defectr esulting in ↓ phagocytosis, recurrent infections, partial albinism and peripheral neuropathy. |
|
|
Term
| drugs that work on microtubules |
|
Definition
| mebendazole/thiabendazole, griseofulvin, vinka alkaloids, paclitaxol and colchicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basement membrane or basal lamina, lens of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Reticulin)––skin, blood vessels, uterus,
fetal tissue, granulation tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyaline, Vitrous body, nucleus pulposus |
|
|
Term
| Cornea is what type of collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does glycosalation of collagen take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a deletion of about 26 genes from the long arm of chromosome 7.[1] It is characterized by a distinctive, "elfin" facial appearance, along with a low nasal bridge; an unusually cheerful demeanor and ease with strangers; developmental delay coupled with well developed language skills; and cardiovascular problems |
|
|
Term
| Wiskot aldrich has what inheritance pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Down syndrome result in pregnancy quad screen |
|
Definition
| Decreased AFP and estriol, increased bhCG and Inhibin A |
|
|
Term
| Necessary as a cofactor for dopamine β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to NE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate determining step for gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| Fructose bisphosphotase-2 (Phosphofructokinase 2) |
|
|
Term
| Rate determining step for citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetics of OTC deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most renal cell carcinomas originate from what |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a pathological weakening of connective tissue. The term is most often used in the context of mitral valve prolapse, degeneration occurs in conjunction with an accumulation of dermatan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan, within the connective tissue matrix of the valve. |
|
|
Term
| First dose hypotension is associated with what drugs |
|
Definition
| ACE inhibitors, esp if they are already hypovolemic from diuretics, have low BP or high renin/aldosterone levels. |
|
|
Term
| Where on the femur does the ACL attach |
|
Definition
| Posterior medial portion of the LATERAL femoral condyle. |
|
|
Term
| Ptosis, down and out, with with normal light accomodation and relfex |
|
Definition
| Diabetic CN III neuropathy. Nerve ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers have different blood supplies. |
|
|
Term
| Antimetabolite purine analogs |
|
Definition
6-thiopurines (6-MP, 6-GP)
Fludarabine - CLL
Cladribine - HCL (reaches high levels due to adenosine resistance) |
|
|
Term
| Allosteric activator of gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA, at the level of pyruvate carboxylase which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, whcih is then convereted to PEP by PEP carboxykinase which requires GTP and is also irreversible. Also citrate at the level of fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase. |
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the collecting system of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| From collecting ducts to ureters - uretic bud. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of choice for listeria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-blockers prolong which interval on the ECG |
|
Definition
| The PR interval, they have no effect on the QRS or QT interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Riluzole - decreases glutamate release |
|
|
Term
| Two mechanisms regulating the lac operon |
|
Definition
1. Negative by binding of the repressor protein to the operator region.
2. Positive by cAMP-CAP binding |
|
|
Term
| Traction diverticula, true or false |
|
Definition
| True, contain all three layers |
|
|
Term
| Four important dimorphic fungi |
|
Definition
| Sporothrix, Coccidoides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetazolamide to alkalinize the urine. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of immune supression w adenosine deaminase deficiency |
|
Definition
| ATP and dATP imbalances nucleotide pool via feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. This prevents DNA synthesis and thus ↓ lymphocyte count. |
|
|
Term
| MCC of nonbacterial vegatations on a valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VACTERL
Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle). |
|
|
Term
| What does the umbilical vein give rise to> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treacher Collins syndrome |
|
Definition
| 1st arch neural crest fails to migrate - mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord. Bilateral loss of pain and temp with touch preserved. (Hits the crossing fibers of ALS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of lateral body folds to fuse → extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord. |
|
|
Term
| Bladder, urethra and allantois are derived from what? |
|
Definition
| Urogenital sinus (also forms prostate in men, bartholin glands in women) |
|
|
Term
| Potters syndrome is caused by what |
|
Definition
| Defect in uretic bud that results in bilateral renal agenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chlamydia followed by Neisseria or coliform bacteria (E. coli) in Gay men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
According to Prehn's sign, the physical lifting of the testicles relieves the pain of epididymitis but not pain caused by testicular torsion.[3]
Negative Prehn's sign indicates no pain relief with lifting the affected testicle, which points towards testicular torsion which is a surgical emergency and must be relieved within 6 hours.
Positive Prehn's sign indicates there is pain relief with lifting the affected testicle, which points towards epididymitis.
Absence of the cremasteric reflex is more common of torsion as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NSAIDs, phenytoin, warfarin, sulfonylureas and some statins. |
|
|
Term
| Clopidogrel is activated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CYP2D6 major substrates and inhibitors |
|
Definition
| Metabolizes codeine to morphine. All TCAs, most SSRIs and antipsychotics, tramadol(to a more active metabolite) and oxycodone. SSRIs and buproprion are also inhibitors. Has a lot of variation in activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alcohol to acetylaldehyde. Inhaled anesthetics i.e. halothane, fluranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HmgCoA synthase is first and rate limiting step, makes HmgCoA which is then converted to Acetoacetic acid by HmgCoA Lyase. Acetoacetic acid can be converted into acetone(fruity breath) or betahydroxybutyrate in a NADH dependent reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Topical treatment for Psoriasis. Binds Vit D nuclear receptors inhibiting cell proliferation and increasing cell differentiation. |
|
|
Term
| RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus |
|
Definition
| Retroviruses and orthomyxovirus (Influenza) |
|
|
Term
| Common manifestations of endometriosis |
|
Definition
| Dysmenorrhea, Infertility and dyspareunia(due to fibrosis of uterosacral ligament). The infertility is mostly caused by adhesions that distort anatomy, impaired oviduct mobility or encasement/fibrosis of the ovary. |
|
|
Term
| Two most common CMV infections is HIV |
|
Definition
| CMV retinitis followed by CMV colitis |
|
|
Term
| In wilsons disease, copper deposits in what part of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PFK2 regulation and function |
|
Definition
| Inhibited by glucagon, stimulated by insulin. Converts Fructose-1-phosphate into Fructose-2,6 bisphosphate which is the most potent stimulator of PFK1 and glycolysis and inhibitor of gluconeogenesis!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pro-drug, converted in the body to the active metabolites 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 6-thioinosinic acid. Used in organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. |
|
|
Term
| Structures that pass through diaphragm and level |
|
Definition
T8 - IVC
T10 - Esophagus and vagus nerves
T12 - Aorta and lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane bound organelle formed from the endoplasmic reticulum that b-oxidize VLCFatty acids, contain catalase, and also oxidize EtOH as well as other toxins. |
|
|
Term
| Keratoderma blennorrhagica |
|
Definition
skin lesions commonly found on the palms and soles but which may spread to the scrotum, scalp and trunk also, and which resemble psoriasis.[2]:195
Keratoderma blennorrhagica is commonly seen as an additional feature of reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) in almost 15% of male patients. |
|
|
Term
| Cell wall characteristics unique to gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria |
|
Definition
Teichoic acid - gram (+) induces TNF and IL1
Periplasmic spacce - Gram (-), location of many b-lactamases.
LPS - Gram (-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of agar containing peptones.[1] It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for acid-fast bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia and sometimes histoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nagging Pests Must Breathe.
Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Particular Kinds Have Urease
Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma |
|
|
Term
| ADP ribosylating A-B toxins |
|
Definition
Interfere with host cell function. B (binding) component binds to a receptor on surface of host cell, enabling endocytosis. A (active) component then attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein (ADP ribosylation), altering protein function.
Bacteria include - C. diptheria, V. cholera, E. coli (Heat labile toxin works through Adenylate cyclase, heat stable toxin works through guanylate cyclase), B. pertussis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
V. Cholera
Pertussis toxin
E. coli (heat labile toxin)
B. anthracis (edema factor, which is itself adenylate cyclase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lysogenic phage infects bacterium; viral DNA incorporated into bacterial chromosome. When phage DNA is excised, flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it. DNA is packaged into phage viral capsid and can infect another bacterium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ABC. Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium |
|
|
Term
| gram-positive and also a weakly acid-fast aerobe in soil, causes pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dapsone(inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, via competition with para-amino-benzoate which may cause hemolyis or methemoglibinemia), often coupled with clofazimine and Rifampin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides plus extended spectrum penicillin (piperacillin or ticarcillin) |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria produces H2S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue that causes healing w keloids and severe limb deformities. VDRL positive but not an STD |
|
|
Term
| False positive VDRLs can be caused by |
|
Definition
VDRL
Virus - mono, hepatitis
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and Leprosy |
|
|
Term
| cellulitis after a cat or dog bite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weil-Felix reaction assays for antirickettsial antibodies, which cross-react with Proteus antigen. Weil-Felix is usually positive for typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever but negative for Q fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nematode routes of infection: ingested |
|
Definition
| EAT - Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella |
|
|
Term
| Nematode routes of infection: cutaneous |
|
Definition
| SANd - Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator |
|
|
Term
| Parasite hints - Liver cysts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasite hints - Hemoptysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasite hints - Portal hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasite hints - Microcytic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of trypanosoma w CNS penetration |
|
Definition
| Melarsoprol, toxic organic compound of arsenic |
|
|
Term
| Which helminths would you treat with mebendazole/Thiabendazole |
|
Definition
EAT SANd
Enterobius, Ascaris, trichinella, Strongyloides, Ancylostoma and Necator(hookworms) |
|
|
Term
| Which helminths would you treat with Diethylcarbamazine |
|
Definition
| Loa Loa(worm crawling in conjunctiva), Wuchereria, Toxocara canis(Food contaminated with eggs; causes granulomas (if in retina → blindness) and visceral larva migrans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Echinococcus granulosus, neurocystercosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MMR, sabin polio, VZV, yellow fever, smallpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RIP Always
Rabies, Influenza, Polio (salK = Killed), and HAV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Single stranded DNA virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hepadnavirus, Papilloma, polyoma |
|
|
Term
| virus acquires envelope from nuclear membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bunyavirus -hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HCV
Yellow fever*
Dengue*
St. Louis encephalitis*
West Nile virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norwalk virus––viral gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BOAR - Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Arenaviruses, and Reoviruses |
|
|
Term
| high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice |
|
Definition
Yellow fever virus A flavivirus (also an arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitos. Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions) may be
seen in liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV. RNA is translated into into functional viral proteins. Can cause aseptic (viral) meningitis (except rhinovirus and HAV). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral thrush, tinea pedis, reactivation VZV, reactivation tuberculosis, other bacterial infections (e.g., H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, Salmonella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactivation HSV, cryptosporidiosis, Isospora, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Candidal esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CMV retinitis and esophagitis, disseminated M. avium–intracellulare, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus, H. influenzae |
|
|
Term
| Osteomyelitis Diabetics and drug addicts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteomyelitis Cat and dog bites or scratches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rubella, CMV and sometimes neuroblastoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| petechial rash, intracranial calcifications, mental retardation, hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, jaundice. 90% are asymptomatic at birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deafness, cataracts, heart defects (PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis), and mental retardation. |
|
|
Term
| Resistance mechanisms for Penicillins/ cephalosporins |
|
Definition
| β-lactamase cleavage of β-lactam ring, or altered PBP in case of MRSA |
|
|
Term
| Resistance mechanisms for Chloramphenicol |
|
Definition
| Modification via acetylation |
|
|
Term
| Resistance mechanisms for macrolides |
|
Definition
| Methylation of rRNA near erythromycin’s ribosome-binding site |
|
|
Term
| Resistance mechanisms for tetracyclines |
|
Definition
| ↓ uptake or ↑ transport out of cell |
|
|
Term
| Resistance mechanisms for Sulfonamides |
|
Definition
| Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase), ↓ uptake, or ↑ PABA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus |
|
Definition
| linezolid and streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin). |
|
|
Term
| Drug of choice for Herpes Zoster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilateral absence of vas deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are B cells found in the spleen |
|
Definition
| Germinal follicles in the white pulp |
|
|
Term
| Where are T cells found in the spleen |
|
Definition
| Periarterial lymphatic sheath and red pulp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortex is dense with immature T cells; medulla is pale with mature T cells and epithelial reticular cells and contains Hassall’s corpuscles. Positive (MHC restriction) and negative selection (nonreactive to self) occur at the corticomedullary junction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to Ig epitope that differs among members of the same species due to allelic variation. My IgG constant region is slightly different than others IgG constant region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ig epitope determined by antigen binding site |
|
|
Term
| Decay accelerating factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parasite undergoes antigenic variation |
|
Definition
| Trypanosomes - programmed rearrangement |
|
|
Term
| Defect in hyper IgM syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defect in wiskot aldrich syndrome |
|
Definition
| Defect in abiliy to mount an IgM response to capsular polysaccharides of bacteria. Low IgM, elevated IgE and IgA. Triad of pyogenic infections, thrombocytopenic purpura and eczema. |
|
|
Term
| Anti-smooth muscle antibody |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple sclerosis, Hay fever, Goodpastures, SLE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hashimoto's and Pernicious Anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| How cyclosporine nephrotoxicity can be prevented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muromonab MOA and toxicity |
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Definition
CD3 (OKT3)Monoclonal antibody that binds to CD3 (epsilon chain) on the surface of T cells. Blocks cellular interaction with CD3 protein responsible for T-cell signal transduction.
Toxicity: Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| Inhibits de novo guanine synthesis and blocks lymphocyte production |
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Definition
| Monoclonal antibody with high affinity for the IL-2 receptor on activated T cells |
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Definition
| Interleukin-2 analog. Used for Renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma |
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Definition
| Interleukin 11 analog used to treat thrombocytopenia, stimulates megakaryocytes |
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Definition
| Rolling––mediated by E-selectin and P-selectin on vascular endothelium binding to sialyl LewisX on the leukocyte |
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Definition
| Tight binding––mediated by ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium binding to LFA-1 (Integrin) on the leukocyte |
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Definition
| leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel. PECAM-1 is involved. |
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Definition
| Associated with chronic disease, acute phase reactants |
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Definition
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| Amyloid associated with Diabetes mellitus II |
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Definition
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| Amyloid associated with Alzheimers |
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Definition
| B-amyloid - APP (Amyloid precursor protein) |
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Term
| Amyloid associated with Dialysis |
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Definition
| B2-microglobulin - MHC Class I proteins |
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Definition
| Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) |
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Definition
| Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas |
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer |
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Term
| Aflatoxins (produced by aspergillus) |
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Definition
| Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma) |
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Definition
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| Arsenic associated with what cancer |
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Definition
| Skin (squamous cell carcinoma), Liver (angiosarcoma) |
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Term
| Which cancers can make PTH-related peptide, TGF-β, TNF, IL-1 |
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Definition
| Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast carcinoma |
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Definition
Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia.
Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma),GI. |
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Definition
Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver.
Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung |
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Term
| Drugs with zero order kinetics |
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Definition
| PEA, Phenytoin, EtOH and Aspirin at toxic doses |
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Term
| The only muscurinic receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used for glaucoma |
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Definition
| Physostigmine, Echothiophate |
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Definition
| Muscarinic antagonist used as a preoperative medication in order to reduce salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions, as well as decreasing the acidity of gastric secretion. It is also used in conjunction with neostigmine, a neuromuscular blocking reversal agent, to prevent neostigmine's muscarinic effects such as bradycardia |
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Definition
| Muscarinic antagonist used to treat peptic ulcer disease |
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Definition
Nicotinic antagonist.
Clinical use: Ganglionic blocker. Used in experimental models to prevent vagal reflex responses to changes in blood pressure––e.g., prevents reflex bradycardia caused by NE.
Toxicity: Severe orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, constipation, sexual dysfunction. |
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Term
| Treatment of theophylline overdose |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment of lead poisoning for kids |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs related to aplastic anemia |
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Definition
| Chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole |
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Term
| Drugs related to hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients |
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Definition
IS PAIN
Isoniazid (INH), Sulfonamides, Primaquine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin, and many more. |
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Term
| Drugs related to megaloblastic anemia |
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Definition
| PMS - Phenytoin, methotrexate and sulfas |
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Term
| Drugs related to acute cholestatic hepatitis |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs related to focal or massive hepatic necrosis |
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Definition
| Halothane, valproic acid, acetaminophen, amanita phalloides |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethosuximide, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sulfa drugs, penicillin, allopurinol |
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Term
| Drugs with a sulfa moeity |
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Definition
| Sumatriptan, celecoxib, probenecid, thiazides, furosemide and anything with sulfa in the name. |
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Term
| Initial treatment for someone with megaloblastic anemia and hemoglobin of 5 |
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Definition
| Transfusion first, then treat the deficiency |
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Term
| Congenital retinochoroiditis |
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Definition
| T. gondii, usually from 2nd or 3rd semester indfection and my occur years after birth |
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Term
| Drug of choice for toenail infections (fungal) |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug of choice for fungal infection of nail bed or hairs |
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Definition
| Imidazoles or griseofulvin |
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Definition
| Reactive atypicl lymphocyte seen in many infections but most notably EBV mono |
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Definition
| used to visualizee acid-fast bacilli using fluorescence microscopy, notably species in the Mycobacterium genus |
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Term
| Why do you see elevated gp41 or gp120 antibodies even late in AIDS |
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Definition
| They undergo antigenic variation and elicit a constant primary immune response that is TH cell independent |
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Term
| viruses that require their own polymerase |
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Definition
| - sense, reo, pox, and retroviruses |
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