1. Sporophyte Diversity
2. Leaves are megaphylls with complex veins and numerous veins
3. Xylem consists of tracheids vessels and fibers
4. Reproductive organs are flowers
5. Heterosporus
6. Double fertilization
7. Ovary matures into the fruit

1. trees
2. shrubs
3. herbs

Monocots: one cotyledon

Eudicots: "true" dicots

1. Amborella Trichopoda
2. Water Lillies
3. Star Anise

1. color
2. structure
3. odor
4. time of flower opening

1. Sepals: enclose the flower
2. Petals: brightly colored, attract pollinators
3. Stamens: Produce pollen on terminal anthers
4. Carpels: Produce ovules, ovary at base, with a style leading up to a stigma where pollen is recieved

1. Menthol
2. Morphine
3. Atropine
4. Vinblastine
5. Digitalin

1. Food
2. Fuel
3. Wood Products
4. Medicine

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Meristematic

1. Protective
2. Ground/Fundamental
3. Vascular
4. Meristematic

-Cortex, Pith, Ground, Mesophyll

Parenchyma

What 2 things make up the vascular tissue?

1. Tracheids
2. Vessels
3. Ray Cells
4. Fibers
5. Xylem parenchyma cells

1. seive tube members
2. companion cells
3. ray cells
4. fibers
5. phloem parenchyma cells

1. Apical Meristems
2. Primary Meristems
3. Lateral meristems

1. Part of shoot system
2. Most above ground
3. Tubular in shape
4. Patterns of branching are evident
5. Vascular Tissue occurs in vascular bundles
6. Gas exchange accomplished by guard cells
7. Contain specialized cells for support
8. Aerial stems bear leaves, flowers and fruit

1. Anchoring the plant
2. Absorbing materials and water
3. Storing organic nutrients

1. Part of shoot system, arise from stem
2. Defined pattern of attachment on stem
3. Epidermal layers contain a cuticle on outer sell walls
4. Collenchyma/sclerids are present as support cells
5. Guard cells regulate gas exchange
6. Vascular tissue occurs in veins
7. All tissue is primary

What is a fibrous root system?

What types of plants have these?

Characterized by thin lateral roots with no main root

Seedless vascular plants and monocots

What is an apical (terminal) bud?

1. Occur in almost every region of the plant body
2. Have thin and flexible primary walls
3. Lack secondary walls
4. Are the least specialized
5. Perform most metabolic functions
6. Retain the ability to divide and differentiate

1. Long and oriented vertically in plant organs
2. Grouped in strands to help support young parts of the plant shoot
3. Thicker/uneven primary cell walls
4. Lack secondary walls
5. Provide flexible support without restraining growth

Rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin

Dead at functional maturity

What are the 2 types of sclerenchema cells?

Describe them.

Sclerids: short/irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls

Fibers: long, slender, arranged in threads

-Secindary walls of lignin that stain red

-Elongated, dead at maturity

-Trachieds and vessel elements

-Specialized sclerenchyma cells for water and mineral transport

-Elongated and form conducting pipes throughtout the plant body

-Sieve tube elements alive at functional maturity

-Sieve plates allow fluid to flow between cells along the seive tube

-Have smaller companion cells

-Square or wedge shaped cells

-Large nucleus

-Lack vacuoles

-Thin primary wall

-Divide to produce primary or secondary tissues

-Transport of water and solutes by individual cells such as root hairs

-Short distance transport of substances from cell to cell at the level of tissues and organs

-Long distance transport withing xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant.

• Adding solute lowers water potential
• Adding pressure increases water potential
• Negative pressure decreases water potential
• Flows higher to lower concentration
• Can change spontaneously to a state of the lowest free energy

Source: plant organ that is a net producer of sugar; mature leaves

Sink: Organ that is a net consumer/storer of sugar; cortex/ground tissue of root

Transcriptinal Regulation

Post-Translational Modification of Protiens

What is the major function of cytokinins?

Where are they produced?

Primarily control apical dominance; ability of a terminal bud to supress the development of axillary buds.

Actively growing tissues (roots, embryos, fruits)