Term
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Definition
Receptors detect
Sensory neurons relay
Sensory pathways (nerves, nuclei, and tracts) deliver to CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclei (Cell bodies of motor neurons)
Motor tracts and nerves carry commands to effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles and glands that carry out reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory cells, pass info to CNS via action potentials (change in charges) |
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Term
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Definition
Nerves (axon bundles in PNS)
Nuclei (cell bodies in CNS)
Tracts (axon bundles in CNS) |
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Term
| Somatic Motor Portion of Efferent Division |
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Definition
| Controls peripheral effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| Travel from motor centers in brain via somatic motor pathway (motor nuclei, tracts, nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Body position and movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory info vs how our brain perceives the info |
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Term
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Definition
Olfaction, Vision, Gustation, Equilibrium, Hearing
Special sensory receptors! |
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Term
Receptor Specificity
Receptor Field |
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Definition
-Each rec has specific sensitivity
-Area monitored by one receptor (bigger area, harder localization) |
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Term
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Definition
Link b/w receptor and cortical neuron
Carries only ONE modality |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced sensitivity to constant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Active 24/7,
Little periph adapt
Slow adapting |
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Term
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Definition
Normally inactive
Fast adapting
Only active for short time |
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Term
| Frequency, pattern and location in CNS.. |
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Definition
| affect perception of stimulus |
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Term
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors |
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Definition
External envir
Body position (somatic only)
Organ functions |
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Term
| 4 types of general sensory receptors |
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Definition
| Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Pain
Are common: Skin, joints, bone, blood vessel walls
Two types of axons: Type A, Type C |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Not Myelinated- slow
Not easy to localize |
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Term
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Definition
Temp
Dermis, muscles, liver, hypothalamus
Same pathway as pain sensation (reticular formation, thalamus, primary sensory cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
Respond to plama membrane distortion
Mechanically gated ion channels open/close.
-Tactile
-Baro
-Proprio |
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Term
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Definition
-Free nerve (skin cells, tonic)
-Root hair plexus (rapid)
-Tactile/Merkel disc (Fine touch; tonic, easy localiz.)
-Tactile/Meissner's corpuscles (fine touh; lips, fingertips, nipples, genitalia) Bumpy
-Lamellated/Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure; fast adapt) Circle!
- Ruffini corpuscles (Deep, no adaptation) muscle-y fiber |
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Term
| 3 groups of proprioceptors |
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Definition
Muscle Spindles (Muscle length, stretch/flex)
Golgi Tendon Organs (Tendon tension in contraction)
Receptors in joint capsules (Free nerve end at joint) |
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Term
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Definition
Respond to water and lipid soluble substances
Central & Peripheral adaptation
In: Carotid and aortic bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Spinothalamic- crude touch
Spinocerebellar- proprioception
Posterior column pathway- fine touch |
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Term
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Definition
Liver/gall-> R shoulder
Heart -> L arm |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary- smooth muscle
Visceral |
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Term
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Definition
upper motor- spastic paralysis
lower motor- flaccid paralysis |
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Term
| Cranial and Spinal Reflexes |
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Definition
| Control basic motor activities |
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Term
| Integrative centers in brain |
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Definition
Elaborate processing
Medulla oblongata -> Cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Most complex and variable motor activities |
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Term
| Neurons of the primary motor cortex |
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Definition
| Stimulate skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppress/facilitate reflex responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Can complement/increase voluntary movements |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) |
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Definition
| Degenerative motor neuron disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Olfactory Epithelium: Receptors, supporting cells, stem cells
Lamina propria: Areolar tissue, vessels, nerves, mucous glands |
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Term
| Olfactory reception and transmission |
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Definition
Dissolved chemicals bind to recept, action potentials through axons penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid, reach olfactory bulbs then travel to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus and limbic system
NO THALAMUS
Stem/basal cells replace olfactory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Taste buds, lingual papillae |
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Term
| 3 Types of Lingual Papillae |
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Definition
Filiform (Friction)
Fungiform (5 Taste buds)
Circunvallate (100 taste buds) |
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Term
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Definition
Basal cells
Gustatory cells (taste hairs through pores, survive 10 days)
Cranial nerves-> M.O.-> Thalamus -> Primary sensory cortex |
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Term
| 4 Primary Taste Sensations |
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Definition
Sweet: G protein
Salty: ion channel
Sour: ion channel
Bitter: G protein
Add-
Umami: G Protein
Water
Sour and bitter are stronger. |
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Term
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Definition
Palpabrae (eyelid) & Tarsal glands (eyeline, secrete lipid product)
Medial Canthus (corner of eye
Lacrimal caruncle (sleep)
Lacrimal gland (tears & lysosyme)
Lacrimal apparatus (removes tears)
Conjunctiva |
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Term
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Definition
Collect in lacrimal lake
Lacrimal punta
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Inferior meatus of nose |
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Term
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Definition
Large post. cavity (vitreous humor)
Small ant. cavity (aqueous humor)
- anterior and posterior chamber |
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Term
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Definition
Out: Fibrous (Cornea, Sclera, Corneal Limbus)
Mid: Vascular - controls shape (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
Deep: Inner (pigmented keeps light, neural- photoreception) |
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Term
| How do eyes dilate/constrict? |
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Definition
Pupillary dilator muscles contract to dilate eye.
Pupillary constrictor muscles contract to constrict the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
Rods- night time, doesnt discriminate light colors
Cones- color vision, densely clustered in fovea (RBG)
(Vitamin A!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow rods and cones to synapse with ganglion cells |
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Term
| Horizontal and Amacrine cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Origin of optic nerve, blind spot |
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Term
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Definition
| Scleral venous sinus- diffuses aqueous humor |
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Term
| Ciliary muscle:Lens relationship |
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Definition
Contract: Lens rounded
Relax: lens flattened |
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Term
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Definition
Emmetropia
Myopia
Hyperopia
Nyctalopia |
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Term
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Definition
| Photoreceptors->Bipolar cell->Ganglion-> Visual cortex of Cerebral Hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
External: Auricle, Meatus
Middle: TM, ossicles
Internal: Oval window, Cochlea, Labyrinth, Semicircular canals, Vestible, Auditory tube |
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Term
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Definition
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup) |
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Term
| Defense against loud noises |
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Definition
| Tensor tympani, Stapedius |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid in membranous labyrinth
Fluid in Bony labyrinth |
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Term
| Vestibule vs Semicircular canals |
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Definition
V: Gravity/linear accel
SC: Rotation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oval structures where hair cells cluster |
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Term
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Definition
gelatinous matric with calcium carbonate crystals on surface
- bends stereocilia, altering hair cells |
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Term
| Where are the macula and otolith located |
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Definition
| Utricle and saccule (Vestibula) |
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Term
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Definition
| Utricle, sacccule, ampulla (cupula, hair cells, stereocilia, kinocilium), macula |
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Term
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Definition
| Vestibular ganglia-> Vestibucochlear nerve-> Vestibular nuclei-> Cerebellum/Cerebral cortex/Vestibulospinal tracts |
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Term
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Definition
Frequency: which part of cochlea is stimulated
Volume: number of hair cells stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| Scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, Basilar membrane, scala tympani, tectorial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Air pressure, Vibration of TM, oval window, Scala V/T, round window bulge, basilar membrane, hair cells move, vestibularcochlear nerves, medulla oblongata, ventral cochlear nuclei, inferior colliculi |
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Term
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Definition
Production of ADH, oxytocin, and
regulatory hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH,
and MSH
Posterior: Release of oxytocin and ADH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adrenal medulla: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol, Corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Bran NP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Androgens (especially testosterone),
Inhibin
Estrogens, progestins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Single tissue (most common) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fast reaction, specific area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine |
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Term
| AA- Tryptophan derivatives |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(prohormones, inactive converted to active)
Glycoproteins: TSH LH FSH
Short chain: ADH, Oxytocin
Small proteins: GH |
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Term
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Definition
Prostaglandins-> Thromboxanes and prostacyclins
Steroid hormones:
Androgens, estrogens, progestins
Corticosteroids
Kidneys |
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Term
| Free hormones vs hormones in carrier proteins |
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Definition
1. Short, absorbed by liver/kidneys
2. Thyroid/steroid : Longer, bound to protein |
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Term
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Definition
Catecholamines (AA) and Peptide : NO
Eicosanoids, steroids: YES |
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Term
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Definition
Second messengers
-ATP
-GTP |
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Term
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Definition
Work with adenylate cyclase to cause chain rxn
Open calcium channels |
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Term
| Intracellular hormones affect.. |
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Definition
| rate of DNA transcription |
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Term
| Endocrine reflexes triggered by. |
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Definition
Humoral stimuli (extracellular fluids)
Hormonal stimuli (Arrival/removal of hormone)
Neural stimuli (Arrival of neurotransmitters) |
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Term
| What provides highest level of endocrine control? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pituitary gland (Sphenoid bone, sellar diaphragm locks it into place. Inferior to hypothalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior pituitary
Hormones support other organs/turn on endocrine glands
TSH- thyroid
ACTH- stimulates adrenal gland
FSH-follicle&estrogen
LH- ovulation, estrogens
GH
Prolactin |
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Term
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Definition
Capillary networks
Portal system- need reg factors to reach target cells before circulation |
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Term
| Hypothalamic reg hormones |
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Definition
Releasing
Inhibiting
Secretion controlled by negative feedback! |
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Term
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Unmyelinated hypotalamic neurons
Oxytocin
ADH- Keeps water in by concentrating urine |
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Term
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Definition
t3, t4, calcitonin (lowers ca2+)
-TSH -> Goiters
HEAT PRODUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell consumes more energy, increase heat generation |
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Term
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Definition
| PTH (increases Ca2+ levels; stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts) |
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Term
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Definition
Superior to kidneys
Steroids (aldosterone, testosterone, corticosterone)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Conserves Na+ and eliminates K+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
exo and exocrine cells
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: Insulin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cell productions |
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Term
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Definition
| Release water into the blood, increase b volume and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease blood volume and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adipose tissue secretion
Appetite control |
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Term
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Definition
Antagonistic
Synergistic (additive)
Permissive (one necessary for other)
Integrative (Complementive) |
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Term
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Definition
GAS
1. Alarm (Fight/flight)
2. Resistance (Mobilization of reserves)
3. Exhaustion (Collapse of organs) |
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Term
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Definition
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