Term
a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices and products that have not been developed by use of generally accepted scientific methods. Are not considered to be part of conventional medicine. |
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Definition
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Term
incorporates the use of alternative therapies in addition to conventional medicine. |
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Definition
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Term
in addition to the physical body, this alternative practice also includes the mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health. |
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Definition
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Term
Therapy that involves the body's own healing powers |
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Definition
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Term
Healing oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle. Emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of all appropriate therapies |
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Definition
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Term
them or us? Use outer resources to help mobilize the body's inner resources. The body heals itself and maintains it's own health. |
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Definition
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Term
them or us? study dead cells and tissues use drugs to affect receptors cut out parts that dont work replace failing parts fixes things but doesn't do much to maintain health |
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Definition
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Term
shaped development of allopathic academic education, emphasized reserach, education, and clinical practice |
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Definition
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Term
"older techniques" that have been forgotten (8) |
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Definition
listening developing rapport trust intuition experience observation PE skills "laying on of hands" |
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Term
factors leading to the development of CAM (6) |
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Definition
deterioration of provider-pt relationship technology overuse inability of medical system to treat chronic disease well desire by the publc for therapies more attuned w/ their values, beliefs, and philosphy toward life and their health adverse drug reactions want for less aggressive, invasive rx |
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Term
what did the medical establishments note prior to the development of CAM? (3) |
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Definition
out of pocket CAM costs/visits public demand patient refusal of rx |
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Term
what was significant about the Institute of Medicine's published review of CAM? |
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Definition
recommended medical academic institutions incorporate info on CAM into their curriculum. |
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Term
what type of medicine is described as "master the minutiae while missing the whole" |
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Definition
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Term
what type of medicine is based upon understanding of the disease process at the cellular level? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the state of attaining and maintaining health |
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Term
this type of medicine uses drugs and surgery to prevent disease in those at risk, rather than saving these methods for the Rx of disease. Provides magic bullets to prevent diseases that it cannot treat. |
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Definition
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Term
This type of medicine engages the inner resources of an individual to be an actve and conscious participant in maintaining his or her own health. Balances internal and external forces and the social environment. |
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Definition
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Term
the idea that health results from techniques that activate or redirect universal healing influences. |
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Definition
vitalism or "vital energy" |
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Term
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Definition
to restore internal harmony to the body and to release any blockages (physical or emotional) |
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Term
receivers of Reiki therapy may experience any one of the following sensations: (8) |
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Definition
deep relaxation warmth floating sensations tingling a general sense of peace and calm seeing different colors may shed emotional tears feel revitalized |
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Term
This therapy focuses on using the Asian Meridian System through a system of foot massage |
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Definition
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Term
in reflexology various points correspond to what? |
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Definition
energy channels of the body as well as specific organs and systems |
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Term
This is described as "acupuncture without needles" |
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Definition
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Term
during hypnosis the patient is... (3) |
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Definition
in a state of attentive and focused concentration not fully aware of surroundings highly responsive to suggestion |
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Term
can you hypnotize an individual against their will? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the philosophy of hypnosis? |
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Definition
it is though to work by altering our state of consciousness, allowing the analytical left brain to be switched off, while the creative right brain becomes dominant. This allows us to access what we call our subconsicous mind - the part of us that has to change if we wish to overcome obstacles and unhelpful behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
decreases sympathetic nervous system activity decreases oxygen consumption and CO2 elimination lowers heart rate lowers BP can increase or decrease brain wave activity |
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Term
hypnosis is frequently used in conjunction with this |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
skin disorders (ichthyosis) anxiety/fear depression decrease need for analgesia increase comfort during medical procedures chronic disease (HTN, asthma, diabetes, IBS) smoking cessation |
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Term
results of Dr. Byrd's study on prayer |
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Definition
were not statistically significant BUT less intubation and ventilator support required fewer drugs lower incidence of pulmonary edema required less CPR |
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Term
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Definition
realigns the mind-body connection - the conscious with the physical body. The 2 are intertwined to create a more harmonious interaction. |
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Term
Per the mind-body connection, health is not finite or static but rather a |
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Definition
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Term
meditation may effect these conditions (11) |
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Definition
Allergies anxiety disorders asthma binge eating cancer depression heart disease high BP pain sleep problems substance abuse |
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Term
termed "meditation in motion" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
an orchestration of sensation, perception and ability integrated into a centrally balanced and fluid consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
the ego is transcended, causing realization of the true essence of their self or soul |
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Term
in yoga, asanas are what? |
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Definition
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Term
in yoga, pranayama is what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
structural imbalances and organic dysfunctions |
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Term
the energetic body consists of 5-7 energy centers called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stress management heart disease/HTN CTS OA low back pain immune disorders - RA, lupus anxiety/psychosis |
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Term
physiologic effects of edema |
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Definition
decreased metabolism decreased BP and HR increased blood flow decreased SNS activity relaxation |
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Term
this was designed as a system of exercises during WWI |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the very large group of muscles in the center of the body - encompassing the abdomen, lower back, hips, and buttocks |
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Term
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Definition
centering control flow breath precision concentration |
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Term
this is considered a body conditioning routine |
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Definition
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Term
defintion of Qi defintion of Gong |
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Definition
Qi = vital energy Gong = perseverant practice |
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Term
guiding philosophy of Qi Gong |
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Definition
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Term
Qi Gong involves what 3 things |
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Definition
movement breathing exercises conscious control of body energy |
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Term
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Definition
HTN chornic respiratory conditions stress GI conditions |
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Term
defined as a way of life and a concept for healing using various natural means to treat human illness and disease |
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Definition
naturopathy or "nature cure" |
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Term
program of naturopathic cure embodies these 3 principles |
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Definition
eliminate evil habits increase corrective habits encourage new principles of living |
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Term
re-emergency of naturopathy was due to what 4 things? |
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Definition
counterculture of the 1960's awareness of teh importance of nutrition awareness of the environment disenchantment with conventional medicine |
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Term
7 principles of naturopathic medicine |
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Definition
vis medicatrix naturae - healing power of nature primum non nocere - first do no harm tolle causam - find the cause holism - treat the whole person wellness health promotion docere - doctor as teacher |
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Term
traditional healing modality of India |
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Definition
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Term
5 great elements of Ayurveda |
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Definition
Earth (prithvi) Water (jai) Fire (agni or tej) Air (vayu) Ether or space (akash) |
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Term
3 basic doshas of Ayurveda |
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Definition
Vata = ether + air Pitta = fire + water Kapha = water + earth |
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Term
in Ayurveda each individual has their own make up called |
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Definition
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Term
Health restoration involves 2 courses of Rx what are they? |
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Definition
prophylaxis - maintain health and prevent disease therapy - to restore health |
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Term
based on the universal principle of yin and yang |
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Definition
Traditional Chinese Medicine |
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Term
5 phases (elements) in TCM |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Qi blood is considered to flow with chi and is conveyed by it. The two are linked together as a person is linked to their shadow. blood has a broader and less definite range of actions than it does in biomedicine |
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Term
therapeutic goal of acupunture is what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
increase blood flow, decrease inflammation. increased oxygenation is thought to help transport endorphins thereby reducing pain. |
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Term
newer research shows that magent therapy must be how strong or how long to be effective? |
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Definition
> 800 gauss/80 m tesla and exposure must be at least 24-48 hours |
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Term
principle of magnet therapy |
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Definition
all living organisms have biomagnetic fields around them |
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Term
why are magents placed over arteries? |
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Definition
to carry the magnetic field farther (it's attracted to the iron in the blood) |
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Term
uses of magnet therapy (12) |
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Definition
arthritis (RA, OA) fibromyalgia repatative strain injuries peripheral neuropathy pain management insomnia sponylosis migraine chronic fatigue syndrome high blood pressure diabetes bowel disorders |
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Term
magnet therapy should be avoided in what patients? |
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Definition
those wth implanted cardiac and other medical devices (pacemakers, defibrillators, E-stimulators, etc) |
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Term
what is different from healing/therapeutic touch and most other manual therapies? |
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Definition
the patient is not physically touched - practitioners hands are though to manipulate the flow of energy around the pt's body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
curanderismo has two parts, what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
in curanderismo, supernatural illness is initiated by what? |
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Definition
evil spirits (espiritos malos) or brujos (persons practicing evil magic) |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness: susto |
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Definition
susto - acute illness caused by a frightening event |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness: susto |
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Definition
susto - acute illness caused by a frightening event |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness: mal de ojo |
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Definition
illness is traced to the Near East, a magical glance takes away part of the vital essence of a person |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness: Empacho |
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Definition
intestinal blockage caused by eating the wrong food at the wrong time or being forced to eat unwanted food |
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Term
decribe this common folk illness: caida de la mollear |
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Definition
fallen fontanelle in infants |
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Term
incorporation of local flora as a means of enhacing health |
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Definition
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Term
the study and practice of using plant material for food, medicine, and health promotion |
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Definition
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Term
indvidual who has undergone specific study and supervised practical training to achieve competence in treating pts |
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Definition
herbalist, herbal practitioner |
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Term
common themes of herbalism |
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Definition
optimize health and wellness emphasis on the whole person emphasis on the individual not the disease process find and treat the cause apply t |
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Term
common themes of herbalism (12) |
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Definition
optimize health and wellness emphasis on the whole person emphasis on the individual not the disease process find and treat the cause apply the prinicple of duality recycling - offer a prayer in return for healing to continue the natural cycle belief in the unmeasurable and abstract be open to exchange of knowledge remain accountable to your communty humility |
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Term
herbalism should possibly be avoided when? |
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Definition
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Term
extreme care should be used with herbalism in who? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the biggest misconception about natural products |
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Definition
people assume they are safe because they are natural |
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Term
what is the significance of DSHEA? |
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Definition
regulates herbs as dietary supplements, not as drugs. No FDA regulatory authority exists - no standardized purity or bioavailability. |
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Term
Common food allergy triggers (7) |
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Definition
soybeans nuts (esp. peanuts) dairy products fish/shellfish wheat eggs food additives (esp. preservatives, coloring agents) |
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Term
how do you dx a food allergy? |
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Definition
skin testing, dietary elimination, RAST testing |
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Term
how does a food allergy occur? |
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Definition
IgE antibody is produced after the immune system perceives an ordinary food as a harmful substance. IgE attaches to mast cells. With re-exposure, mast cells release chemicals that cause allergic reactions. |
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Term
what are the symptoms of a food allergy? |
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Definition
skin disorders (hives, eczema) respiratory disorders (rhinitis, asthma) stomach disorders (cramps, diarrhea) headache anaphylactic shock, collapse, death |
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Term
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Definition
using likes to treat likes |
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Term
homeopathy combines what 3 ideas |
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Definition
medical philosophy formalized drug testing protocols for clinical application |
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Term
this type of medicine views healing of the patient as the most important aspect, uses the smallest possible dose of a medication, and repeats only if necessary |
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Definition
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Term
tenents of manual therapy (4) |
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Definition
the body is a unit structure and function are interrelated body has an inherent ability to heal itself disease may ensue when normal adaptations are interrupted |
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Term
who was osteopathy founded by? |
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Definition
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Term
this type of medicine focuses attention on the intention to heal through the "laying on of hands" |
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Definition
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Term
utilizes the concept of "drugless healing" |
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Definition
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Term
waht is the concept of holism? |
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Definition
all body systems are interconnected structurally and physically |
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Term
how did the Flexner Model of medical education effect osteopathy? |
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Definition
established educational parity |
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Term
when were DO's first commissioned into the armed services? |
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Definition
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Term
techniques of osteopathy (9) |
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Definition
muscle energy HLVA strain-counterstrain myofascial release lymph drainage cranial osteopathy visceral manipulation articulatory technique (passive ROM) functional technique |
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Term
who is the founder of chiropractics? |
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Definition
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Term
focused on the "one cause, one cure" theory |
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Definition
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Term
who established educational standards and adopted the scientific method to validate chiropractic theory? |
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Definition
National Chiropractic Association (NCA) |
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Term
uses of chiropractics (6) |
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Definition
asthma CTS dysmenorrhea low back pain migraine HA neck pain |
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Term
what type of chiropractic therapy has show improvement in migraines and tension HA? |
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Definition
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Term
essential theory of massage |
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Definition
tissues of the body will function at optimal levels when arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage are uninterrupted |
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Term
contraindications to massage (8) |
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Definition
skin infection melanoma bleeding (esp into tissues from trauma) acute inflammation (RA) thrombophlebitis atherosclerosis varicose veins immunocompromised state |
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Term
what were the implications of the Flexner Report? |
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Definition
criticized the state of medicals chool teaching. Proposed a strong foundation in biomedical sciences coupled with hands on clinical training. |
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Term
what are the macronutrients (3) |
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Definition
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Term
what are the micronutrients? (2) |
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Definition
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Term
specific function of proteins (3) |
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Definition
structural support body movement defenses |
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Term
what are proteins made of? |
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Definition
20 different amino acids (11 non-essential, 9 essential) |
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Term
branched chain amino acids are necessary for what? |
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Definition
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Term
aromatic amino acids are necessary for what? |
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Definition
neurotransmitter production |
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Term
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Definition
antibodies movement (actin and myosin) enzymes (lactase, pepsin) hormones (messengers) structure (keratin, collagen, elastin) storage (store amino acids - caesin) transport - carriers |
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Term
how much energy do proteins provide? |
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Definition
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Term
where do complete vs incomplete proteins come from? |
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Definition
complete = animal proteins incomplete = plant proteins |
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Term
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Definition
essential for health (energy, vitamin absorption, growth, development) provdes tase to food helps y |
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Term
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Definition
essential for health (energy, vitamin absorption, growth, development) provdes tase to food helps you feel full important source of nutrients (infants and toddlers) plays a role in cholesterol levels |
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Term
how much energy do fats provide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
triglycerides phospholipids sterols |
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Term
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Definition
the process of adding H+ to unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated and solid at room temp. |
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Term
what is our main source of cholesterol? |
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Definition
saturated fats - butter, solid shortening, lard, fatback, coconut oil, palm oil, plam kernal oil, cocoa butter |
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Term
these types of fat are formed during the process of hydrogenation |
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Definition
trans-fats and hydrogenated fats = vegetable shortening, some margarines, partially hydrogenated oils |
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Term
these fats may help lower cholesterol |
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Definition
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats |
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Term
sources of poly and monounsaturated fats |
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Definition
fish (salmon, trout, herring) nuts (walnuts) seeds plant oils (olive, soybean, corn, safflower, canola, sunflower) olives avocados |
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Term
what are the essential fatty acids? why are they important? |
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Definition
omega 6 and omega 3 important in the formation of eicosanoids |
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Term
2 types of omega-3 fatty acids |
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Definition
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaeonic acid (DHA) |
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Term
why are omega 3 fatty acids protective against heart disease? |
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Definition
improve vascular function decrease inflammatory responses decrease blood clotting, BP, cardiac arrythmias, plasma TGs |
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Term
why is the result of consuming TFA's? |
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Definition
increased risk of CV disease due to: increased cholesterol levels increased LDL's decreased HDL's |
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Term
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Definition
used to make glucose and supply energy |
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Term
preferred energy source of nerve cells and brain |
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Definition
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Term
how much energy do carbs supply? |
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Definition
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Term
soluble fiber effects on the body |
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Definition
decrease blood glucose levels decrease cholesterol |
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Term
insoluble fiber effects on the body |
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Definition
promote regular bowel movements alleviate constipation decrease risk of diverticulosis |
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Term
components of the nutitional labal (4) |
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Definition
serving size calorie content for that serving size nutrients percent daily value |
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Term
rule of thumb for serving size |
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Definition
1 thumb = 1 oz of cheese 1 thumb tip = teaspoon of mayonaise, peanut butter, or sugar, etc. 3 thumb tips = 1 tablespoon 1 fist = 1 cup of spaghetti, rice, veggies, etc 1 or 2 handfuls = 1 ounce of a snack food (1 for small, 2 for larger) 1 palm = 3 ozs of meat, fish, poultry |
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Term
what are the 3 components of a healthful diet? |
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Definition
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Term
a physical sensation that drives us to find food and eat |
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Definition
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Term
a physiologic desire to consume specfic foods |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
appetite stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
hormone that suppresses food intake --> weight loss |
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Definition
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Term
physiology before and after a meal |
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Definition
before: leptin = low. ghrelin = high after: leptin = high. ghrelin = low |
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Term
3 factors that influence hunger |
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Definition
addiction-like behavior stress & cortisol sleep restriction |
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Term
live microorganisms found in, or added to, fermented foods that optimize the baterial environment of the large intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lactobacillus bifidobacterium |
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Term
what are live and active cultures? |
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Definition
refer to the living organisms, lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus, which convert pasteurized milk to yogurt during fermenting |
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Term
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Definition
the energy the body expends to maintain it's fundatmental physiologic functions. AKA energy output at rest. |
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Term
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Definition
primarily lean body mass and age. also influenced by height, elevated thyroid hormone levels, stress, male gender, pregnancy, lactatoin, some drugs (stimulants, caffeine, tobacco) |
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Term
problem with artificial sweeteners |
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Definition
they may be surgar fee but they are not calorie free |
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Term
2 types of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) |
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Definition
primary = marasmus and kwashiorkor secondary |
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Term
what is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor? |
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Definition
marasmus - near starvation kwashiorkor - poor nutritional state - leads to failure to thrive |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the inability to meet metabolic demands arises from insufficient dietary intake |
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Term
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Definition
arises when illness or other factors impair the uptake or utilization of nutrients, increase protein or energy requirements, or increase metabolic losses beyond nutrient availability |
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Term
causes of secndary PEM (3) |
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Definition
malabsoprtion syndromes cancer post gastrectomy |
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Term
adverse consequences of PEM can be alleviated with what? |
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Definition
aggresive nutritional support |
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Term
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Definition
< 15 = starvation < 17.5 = anorectic < 18.5 = underweight 18.5 = ideal weight 25-30 = overweight 31-40 = obese > 40 = morbidly obese |
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Term
labs to monitor for malnutrtion |
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Definition
albumin - hepatic function prealbumin - good indicator of short term nutritional support |
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Term
what N balance is assocated with malnutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
patient energy needs can be calculated using what equation? |
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Definition
Harris-Benedict equation for RME |
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Term
when does a decision about whether the pt will eat or not have to be made? |
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Definition
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Term
what type of nutritional support is used when the GI system is working vs. not working? which is preferred |
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Definition
working = enteral (preferred) not working = parenteral (TPN) |
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Term
what two factors have negated the improvements that had been made in CV risks? |
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Definition
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Term
what has been shown to cause > 50% of deaths among women |
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Definition
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Term
what does the density of a lipid refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
recommendations for dietary fats |
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Definition
total cholesterol < 200 LDL < 130 HDL males > 40 HDL females > 45 TG's < 150 |
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Term
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Definition
normal < 120/80 pre-HTN = 120-139/80-89 HTN = > 140/90 |
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Term
exercise recommendations for CV fitness, weight loss, weight loss maintenance |
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Definition
CV fitness = 30 min/day wt. loss = 60 min/day wt loss maintenance = 60-90 min/day |
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Term
purpose of a high fiber diet |
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Definition
increase intestinal transit time, promote more frequent bowel movements, and results in softer stools |
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Term
for what conditions is a high fiber diet prescribed? (4) |
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Definition
diverticulosis irritable bowel syndrome hemorrhoids constipation |
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Term
for what conditions is a low residue diet prescribed? (3) |
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Definition
inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's/UC) reduce obstruction/stricture due to cancer acute diverticulitis |
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Term
what is an example of a low residue diet? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the components of a BRAT diet? |
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Definition
banans rice applesauce toast |
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Term
what foods should be avoided while waiting for diarrhea to pass? |
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Definition
those that would make it worse including: milk and milk products high fat or greasy food fiber sweet foods |
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Term
challenges of a vegetarian diet (7) |
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Definition
potential for deficiencies of nutritents (vitamin B12, vitamin D, riboflavin (B2), iron, calcium, zinc, protein) |
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Term
potential benefits of a vegetarian diet (7) |
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Definition
may reduce risk of: obestiy type 2 diabetes CV disease digestive problems some cancers kidney disease, kidney stones gallstones |
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Term
as you age how does body composition change? |
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Definition
increased fat, decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia) |
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Term
how can you reverse physiologic changes of aging? |
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Definition
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Term
advantages of regular exercise (4) |
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Definition
improves CV fitness decreases LDL, increases HDL improves blood sugar decreases BP |
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Term
physical fitness program involves 3 complementary components |
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Definition
fitness assessment motivational program lifelong activity and commitment |
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Term
fitness assessment measure what 4 areas of fitness? |
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Definition
body composition cardiovascular endurance muscular fitness muscular flexibility |
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Term
what is the purpose of a fitness assessment and who should receive one? |
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Definition
purpose = to determine the individual's state of fitness - used as a starting point for the exercise prescription. Who = men > 40, women > 50 prior to any vigorous activity |
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Term
what are the components of a general exercise prescription? |
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Definition
warm up: 5-10 min intensity: 55-90% of max heart rate duration: 15-60 minutes Frequency: 3-5 d/week Type: aerobic - wt. bearing or non wt bearing cool down: 5-10 minutes |
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Term
what does the BORG scale measure? |
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Definition
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Term
when should the elderly NOT exercise? (7) |
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Definition
not for 2 hrs after a large meal with a fever or viral infection accompanied by muscle cramps if SBP <200 and/or DBP >100 if HR > 120 with a joint that is red, warm, and painful stop exercising with severe pain or swelling in a joint any new sx not previously evaluated (pain in the chest, abd, joint, edema in an arm, leg, or joint, SOB at rest, feeling fluttering in the chest) |
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Term
why should you not skip breakfast (5) |
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Definition
food is early morning fuel for the body decreases concentration feel irritable, short tempered lightheaded/dizzy snack more and eat foods of poorer quality |
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Term
what is the best way to enhance endurance? |
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Definition
consume carbs before and during exercise |
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Term
what is "hitting the wall"? |
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Definition
when muscle glycogen stores get too low, an overwhelming feeling of fatigue making you want to stop. |
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Term
waht type of energy does the body use for walking vs jogging vs strenuous exercise |
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Definition
walking = mainly fat jogging = 50-60% fat strenuous exercise = glycogen stores |
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Term
how does increased training effect glycogen stores? |
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Definition
increased training enables muscles to store more glycogen and increase endurance capacity |
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Term
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Definition
consuming an increased amount of carbs to prepare for an endurance event (> 90 min duration). |
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Term
what are good carbs for carb loading? |
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Definition
pasta breads/cereals bananas |
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Term
8 powerfoods to eat before or after a workout |
|
Definition
pineapple papaya peanut butter and jelly pasta with meat sauce 8 oz chocolate milk coffee cold water green tea |
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Term
how much extra protein is required to gain 1 lb of muscle per week? |
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Definition
14g/day = a forkful per day |
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Term
good sources of protein (3) |
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Definition
tuna non-fat milk peanut butter all are cheaper than supplements |
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Term
where does energy come from? |
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Definition
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Term
S&S of caffeine intoxication |
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Definition
insomnia anxiety restlessness upset stomach tremors/jitters rapid HR uncontrollable physical agitation |
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Term
what is the alcohol intake level that is probably associated with an increased rate of alcoholic liver disease |
|
Definition
2+ drinks/day for women 3+ drinks/day for men |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral patterns and consequences of alcohol intake NOT the amount of alcohol ingested |
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Term
a strong need, or urge, to drink |
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Definition
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Term
not being able to stop drinking once drinking has begun |
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Definition
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Term
withdrawal sxs, such as upset stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety after stopping drinking |
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Definition
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Term
withdrawal sxs, such as upset stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety after stopping drinking |
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Definition
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Term
the need to drink greater amounts to get "high" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
model of end stage liver disease estimates the survival probability of a pt with end stage liver disease. Increasingly being used worldwide to prioritize pts awaiting liver transplant. |
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Term
3 signs of hyperestorgenism in men |
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Definition
gynecomastia testicular atrophy loss of male-pattern hair distribution |
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Term
what is protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) associated with? |
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Definition
development of variceal bleeding and ascites increased surgical morbidity and mortality reduced survival possible worsening of hepatic function |
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Term
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Definition
early advanced precirrhotic cirrhotic |
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Term
what does the United Network for Oragn Sharing using to prioritize pts awaiting liver transplant? |
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Definition
modified MELD score - based on creatinine, bilirubin, and INR |
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Term
what is affected in protein calorie malnutrition? |
|
Definition
protein, carb, and lipid metabolism |
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Term
what are macronutrients vs micronutrients? |
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Definition
macro = energy, protein, water micro = electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, and trace elements |
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Term
result of zinc, vitamin A, and niacin deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
what vitamin deficiency? night blindness/photophobia |
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Definition
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Term
what vitamin deficiency? burning of the mouth/tongue |
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Definition
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|
Term
what vitamin deficiency? easy bruising |
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Definition
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|
Term
result of deficiency in thiamine, pyridoxine, and vitamin B12 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency? hyperkeratosis |
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Definition
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Term
result of vitamin B12, folate, niacin deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
what vitamin deficiency? angular stomatitis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
what vitamin deficiency? decreased lower extremity DTR's |
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Definition
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|
Term
what labs should be monitored for malnutrition? |
|
Definition
serum albumin, creatinine, INR, folate B12, iron studies plasma levels of vits A, D, E, and INR |
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|
Term
treatment for alcoholic malnutrition |
|
Definition
thiamine daily MVI nutritional support protein feeding sodium restriction |
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Term
vitamins role in the body (3) |
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Definition
maintaining bone, blood, and muscle tissue support the immune system maintain vision |
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|
Term
populations most at risk for vitamin deficiency (4) |
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Definition
elderly vegans alcohol-dependent individuals those with malabsorptin disorders |
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|
Term
most active form of Vitamin A |
|
Definition
preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinoid acid) |
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|
Term
what is the only form of provitamin A that is metabloized in mammals to vitamin A? |
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Definition
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|
Term
role of vitamin A in night blindness |
|
Definition
without vitamin A rhodopsin cannot be made --> rods & cones are more sensitive to changes in light --> night blindness |
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|
Term
drugs that interfere with vitamin A absorption (3) |
|
Definition
mineral oil cholestyramine neomycin |
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|
Term
in Western countries, when is vitamin A deficiency noted? |
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Definition
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|
Term
vitamin D has a strong interrelationship with what 2 things? |
|
Definition
calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism |
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|
Term
how is vitamin D measured? |
|
Definition
by low levels of 25-OH vitamin D |
|
|
Term
what is the physiologically active form of Vitamin D? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
hypovitaminosis D is associated with (5) |
|
Definition
fat malabsorption from Celiac disease Crohn's disease pancreatic deficiency cystic fibrosis cholestatic liver disease |
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|
Term
best lab indicator for adequacy of tx for hypovitaminosis D? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antioxidant, free radical scavenger - protects LDLs and polyunsaturated fats in membranes from oxidation. Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis taken up from chylomicrons by th eliver and is incorporated in VLDLs |
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Term
level of and effects of Vitamin E toxicity |
|
Definition
level = >800mg/d effects: reduced platelet aggregation interfere with vitamin K metabolism nausea, flatulence, diarrhea |
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|
Term
Vitamin E in contraindicated with what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Vitamin E in contraindicated with what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
how do warfarin drugs effect vitamin K? |
|
Definition
prevent the conversion of vitamin K to its active hydroquinone form |
|
|
Term
pts at risk of vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
newborns cystic fibrosis pts adults with chronic small bowel disease, obstructed biliary tree, post small bowel resection, braod spectrum abx, renal or hepatic disease |
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|
Term
effects of vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
prolonged PT reduced clotting times |
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|
Term
vitamin K dependent clotting factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fat soluble vs. water soluble vitmins |
|
Definition
water = B, C, niacin far = A, D, E, K |
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|
Term
deficiency of B1 (thiamine) in the US is commonly related with what? (2) |
|
Definition
alcoholism and chronic illness (cancer) |
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|
Term
sxs of thiamine deficiency |
|
Definition
anorexia irritability wet/dry beri-beri |
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|
Term
horizontal nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia, mental impairment |
|
Definition
wernicke's encephalopathy |
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|
Term
confabulation, psychosis additional memory loss may persist for several months |
|
Definition
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome |
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|
Term
tx for thiamine deficiency |
|
Definition
if neuro sxs are present = 100mg/d parenterally x 7 days followed by 10mg/d po until recovery is complete |
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|
Term
function of B2 (riboflavin) |
|
Definition
part of a coenzyme involved in metabolism of proteins, carbs, and fats |
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Term
|
Definition
problems with skin, eyes, and tongue. tongue: glossitis lips/nose: cracking and fissuring eyes: cataracts, corneal abnormalities, burning, tearing, itching skin: seborrheic dermatitis, delayed wound healing |
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|
Term
actions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
|
Definition
antioxidant promotes non-heme iron absorption aids in conversion of dopamine->norepi impofrtant for connective tissue metabolism and cross-linking component of many drug-metabolizing enzyme systems |
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|
Term
when are vitamin C requirements increased? (3) |
|
Definition
smoking hemodialysis stress (infection, trauma) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scurvy. US = poor, elderly, alcoholics S&S = impaired CT formation petechiae, ecchymoses inflammed, bleeding gums bleeding into joints, peritoneum, pericardium, and adrenal glands kids = impaired bone growth |
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|
Term
effects of vitamin C toxicity |
|
Definition
>2gm/day = abd pain, nausea, diarrhea >3gm/day = increased ALT, LDH, uric acid kidney stones hemolysis with G6PD deficiency >1gm/day can cause false negative gauiac rxn. |
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|
Term
function of vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide) |
|
Definition
serves as precursors of 2 coenzymes (NAD, NADP) important in oxidation/reduction rxns DNA repair calcium metabolism |
|
|
Term
what amino acid can be converted to niacin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
niacin deficiency leads to what? |
|
Definition
pellagra (diseae characterized by scaly sores, mucosal cahnges, and mental sxs) |
|
|
Term
what the 4 D's associated with Niacin deficiency? |
|
Definition
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia leading to death |
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|
Term
|
Definition
flushing (prostaglandin mediated) skin dryness, pruritis, headache |
|
|
Term
are minerals broken down by digestion or destroyed by heat or light? |
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Definition
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|
Term
minerals assist in regulation of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F minerals help rid the body of harmful chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how much is needed daily of major minerals? trace minerals? |
|
Definition
major = > 100mg/d trace = < 100mg/d |
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|
Term
what is the most abdundant mineral in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle contraction vasodilaton and vasoconstriction bone health secretion of hormones and enzymes transmitting nerve impulses |
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|
Term
majority of calcium is stored where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
calcium absorption is affected by what? (4) |
|
Definition
amt consumed and when taken age vitamin D (improves absorption) phytic and oxalic acid (binds calcium and inhibits absorption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle and nerve function heart rate and rhythm immune system bone health regulates blood sugar levels normalizes BP involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis needed for > 300 biochemical reactions in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps produce and maintain new cells needed for DNA & RNA synthesis helps prevent DNA changes that may lead to cancer needed for RBC synthesis essential for metabolism and maintenance of homocysteine works with B12 and vitamin C to help the body digest and utilize proteins |
|
|
Term
when is there an incresed need for folate? (6) |
|
Definition
pregnancy and lactation alcoholism kidney dialysis liver disease certain anemias |
|
|
Term
how can you prevent neural tube defects? |
|
Definition
ingest folic acid preconception and just after conception |
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|
Term
iron stores are tightly regulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
considered the #1 nutritional disorder in the world by WHO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
people at increased risk of iron deficiency (8) |
|
Definition
women of childbearing age pregnant women perterm, and low birth weight infants older infants, toddlers teenage girls women with heavy menses kidney failure (dialysis) chronic malabsorption |
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|
Term
T or F iron overload is an important to assess as iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
who is unlikely to need iron supplementation? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7-dehydrocholesterol -> cholecalciferol (vit D3) -> 25-hydroxycholecalciferol -> 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
|
|
Term
true or false new research in vitamin D confirms theories that vitamin D supplementation should be used with great caution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
known benefits of vitamin D |
|
Definition
psoriasis - sunlight exposure decreases the severity. |
|
|
Term
groups at risk for deficiency of vitamin D (6) |
|
Definition
homebound elderly older individuals darker skinned people communities that makes their members cover up obese individuals pregnant women |
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|
Term
measurement of what form of vitamin D has greater reliability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what hormones does stress effect? |
|
Definition
catecholamines - epi (from adrenal medulla) and norepi (from ANS - sympathetic branch) |
|
|
Term
primary steps in cancer development |
|
Definition
initiation - mutations of a cell's DNA by a carcinogen promotion - mutated cells and their aberrant DNA replicate uninhibited progression - invasion and mets occur |
|
|
Term
2 possible explanations for the conversion of stress to malignancy? |
|
Definition
1. damage to the thymus gland and immune system 2. neuroendocrine effects - mediated thru hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex |
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|
Term
being stressed can make a person vulnerable to what other factors? |
|
Definition
influencing the integrity of the immune system food interactions nutritonal status |
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|
Term
early nutitional support for patients with cancer may help maintain integrity of the immune system leading to what? |
|
Definition
improved response to therapy and prognosis |
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|
Term
there is a strong connection between what and cancer? |
|
Definition
being overweight or obese |
|
|
Term
how does dietary fat effect breast, colon, and prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
breast - no demonstrated link colon - higher occurence with Western diet prostate - linked with consumption of animal fat |
|
|
Term
how does soy effect cancer? |
|
Definition
results are controversial, soy foods do appear to prote |
|
|
Term
how does soy effect cancer? |
|
Definition
results are controversial, soy foods do appear to protect against prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enhance the immune system inhibit growth of cancer cells and tumors prevent oxidative damage to DNA by stabilizing free radicals reduce inflammation in blood vessel walls |
|
|
Term
how are supplements regulated? |
|
Definition
as foods, not drugs don't need approval from FDA prior to marketing tested by the manufacturer prior to marketing, not the FDA no proof of safety is requires unless it's a new dietary ingredient not previously sold in the US before 1994 no federal guidelines on purity, quality, safety, or composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin K x1 at birth for newborns infants: vitamin D supplements for breast fed babies until age 6m. iron-fortified cereal for breast fed infants 6m and older. flouride for children not drinking flouridated water. calcium and vitamin D for people at risk of low bone mass vitamin B12 for elderly and vegans MVI/mineral supplements for those on energy-restricted diets, HIV/AIDS, or other wasting diseases |
|
|
Term
having a moderate amount of excess body fat. wt for a specific height > accepted standards. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
excess body fat that adversely affects health |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
body weight that exceeds > 100% of normal, putting the person at very high risk for serious health complications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2nd most preventable cause of disease and mortality in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
charcteristics of adipose tissue |
|
Definition
modest wt gain = fat cells increase in size significant wt gain = fat cells increase in size and number wt loss = fat cells decrease in size but not number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic tendency to expend less energy both at rest and with activity |
|
|
Term
what is a genetic "set point" |
|
Definition
theory that suggests that our wt is programmed to remain within a narrow range |
|
|
Term
3 critical time periods for weight gain |
|
Definition
gestation and early infancy adiposity rebound - 5-7 yo adolescence (puberty) |
|
|
Term
consequences of being apple shaped |
|
Definition
fat is stored primarily around the waist. increased risk of DM2, HTN, and heart disease |
|
|
Term
how do you calculate a wasit to hip ratio, what is healthy? |
|
Definition
waist circumfrence/hip circumfrence women = 0.7 men = 0.9 the higher the ratio, the higher the risk for CV disease. |
|
|
Term
stomach stapling to reduce total t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stomach stapling to reduce total food intake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
surgery that attaches the lower part of the small intestine to a reduced stomach, less food is absorbed and food consumed bypasses the stomach and duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2 types of banding gastroplasty |
|
Definition
vertical - restrictive form of bariatric surgery horizontal - laporoscopic adjustible gastric banding |
|
|
Term
what is dumping syndrome? |
|
Definition
occurs post gastrectomy and post gastric bypass. also called rapid gastric emptying. occurs when undigested contents of teh stomach are transported or "dumped" into your small intesting too rapidly. worse after eating high sugar meals (sucrose or fructose) |
|
|
Term
keys to successful weight loss |
|
Definition
reduce your intake gradually set realistic weight loss and time period goals engage in regular physical activity apply behavior modification techniques (keep a food log, save special treats for special occasions, chew slowly, use smaller plates, avoid buying problem foods) |
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