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CAM
Nova Orlando
314
Health Care
Graduate
08/02/2011

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

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Term
a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices and products that have not been developed by use of generally accepted scientific methods. Are not considered to be part of conventional medicine.
Definition
Alternative Medicine
Term
incorporates the use of alternative therapies in addition to conventional medicine.
Definition
CIM
Term
in addition to the physical body, this alternative practice also includes the mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health.
Definition
Holistic Medicine
Term
Therapy that involves the body's own healing powers
Definition
Natural Medicine
Term
Healing oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle. Emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of all appropriate therapies
Definition
Integrative Medicine
Term
them or us?
Use outer resources to help mobilize the body's inner resources. The body heals itself and maintains it's own health.
Definition
them
Term
them or us?
study dead cells and tissues
use drugs to affect receptors
cut out parts that dont work
replace failing parts
fixes things but doesn't do much to maintain health
Definition
us
Term
shaped development of allopathic academic education, emphasized reserach, education, and clinical practice
Definition
Flexner Report
Term
"older techniques" that have been forgotten (8)
Definition
listening
developing rapport
trust
intuition
experience
observation
PE skills
"laying on of hands"
Term
factors leading to the development of CAM (6)
Definition
deterioration of provider-pt relationship
technology overuse
inability of medical system to treat chronic disease well
desire by the publc for therapies more attuned w/ their values, beliefs, and philosphy toward life and their health
adverse drug reactions
want for less aggressive, invasive rx
Term
what did the medical establishments note prior to the development of CAM? (3)
Definition
out of pocket CAM costs/visits
public demand
patient refusal of rx
Term
what was significant about the Institute of Medicine's published review of CAM?
Definition
recommended medical academic institutions incorporate info on CAM into their curriculum.
Term
what type of medicine is described as "master the minutiae while missing the whole"
Definition
modern medicine
Term
what type of medicine is based upon understanding of the disease process at the cellular level?
Definition
modern medicine
Term
definition of wellness
Definition
the state of attaining and maintaining health
Term
this type of medicine uses drugs and surgery to prevent disease in those at risk, rather than saving these methods for the Rx of disease. Provides magic bullets to prevent diseases that it cannot treat.
Definition
allopathic medicine
Term
This type of medicine engages the inner resources of an individual to be an actve and conscious participant in maintaining his or her own health. Balances internal and external forces and the social environment.
Definition
CAM
Term
the idea that health results from techniques that activate or redirect universal healing influences.
Definition
vitalism or "vital energy"
Term
purpose of Reiki
Definition
to restore internal harmony to the body and to release any blockages (physical or emotional)
Term
receivers of Reiki therapy may experience any one of the following sensations: (8)
Definition
deep relaxation
warmth
floating sensations
tingling
a general sense of peace and calm
seeing different colors
may shed emotional tears
feel revitalized
Term
This therapy focuses on using the Asian Meridian System through a system of foot massage
Definition
Reflexology
Term
in reflexology various points correspond to what?
Definition
energy channels of the body as well as specific organs and systems
Term
This is described as "acupuncture without needles"
Definition
acupressure
Term
during hypnosis the patient is... (3)
Definition
in a state of attentive and focused concentration
not fully aware of surroundings
highly responsive to suggestion
Term
can you hypnotize an individual against their will?
Definition
no
Term
what is the philosophy of hypnosis?
Definition
it is though to work by altering our state of consciousness, allowing the analytical left brain to be switched off, while the creative right brain becomes dominant.
This allows us to access what we call our subconsicous mind - the part of us that has to change if we wish to overcome obstacles and unhelpful behaviors
Term
Effects of hypnosis (5)
Definition
decreases sympathetic nervous system activity
decreases oxygen consumption and CO2 elimination
lowers heart rate
lowers BP
can increase or decrease brain wave activity
Term
hypnosis is frequently used in conjunction with this
Definition
biofeedback
Term
uses of hypnosis (7)
Definition
skin disorders (ichthyosis)
anxiety/fear
depression
decrease need for analgesia
increase comfort during medical procedures
chronic disease (HTN, asthma, diabetes, IBS)
smoking cessation
Term
results of Dr. Byrd's study on prayer
Definition
were not statistically significant BUT
less intubation and ventilator support
required fewer drugs
lower incidence of pulmonary edema
required less CPR
Term
philosophy of meditation
Definition
realigns the mind-body connection - the conscious with the physical body. The 2 are intertwined to create a more harmonious interaction.
Term
Per the mind-body connection, health is not finite or static but rather a
Definition
dynamic energy flow
Term
meditation may effect these conditions (11)
Definition
Allergies
anxiety disorders
asthma
binge eating
cancer
depression
heart disease
high BP
pain
sleep problems
substance abuse
Term
termed "meditation in motion"
Definition
T'ai Chi
Term
philosophy of T'ai Chi
Definition
an orchestration of sensation, perception and ability integrated into a centrally balanced and fluid consciousness
Term
common outcome of yoga
Definition
the ego is transcended, causing realization of the true essence of their self or soul
Term
in yoga, asanas are what?
Definition
postures
Term
in yoga, pranayama is what?
Definition
breathing techniques
Term
yoga addresses what?
Definition
structural imbalances and organic dysfunctions
Term
the energetic body consists of 5-7 energy centers called
Definition
chakras
Term
uses of yoga (7)
Definition
stress management
heart disease/HTN
CTS
OA
low back pain
immune disorders - RA, lupus
anxiety/psychosis
Term
physiologic effects of edema
Definition
decreased metabolism
decreased BP and HR
increased blood flow
decreased SNS activity
relaxation
Term
this was designed as a system of exercises during WWI
Definition
pilates
Term
what is the "powerhouse"
Definition
the very large group of muscles in the center of the body - encompassing the abdomen, lower back, hips, and buttocks
Term
6 principles of pilates
Definition
centering
control
flow
breath
precision
concentration
Term
this is considered a body conditioning routine
Definition
pilates
Term
defintion of Qi
defintion of Gong
Definition
Qi = vital energy
Gong = perseverant practice
Term
guiding philosophy of Qi Gong
Definition
Taoism
Term
Qi Gong involves what 3 things
Definition
movement
breathing exercises
conscious control of body energy
Term
uses of Qi Gong (4)
Definition
HTN
chornic respiratory conditions
stress
GI conditions
Term
defined as a way of life and a concept for healing using various natural means to treat human illness and disease
Definition
naturopathy or "nature cure"
Term
program of naturopathic cure embodies these 3 principles
Definition
eliminate evil habits
increase corrective habits
encourage new principles of living
Term
re-emergency of naturopathy was due to what 4 things?
Definition
counterculture of the 1960's
awareness of teh importance of nutrition
awareness of the environment
disenchantment with conventional medicine
Term
7 principles of naturopathic medicine
Definition
vis medicatrix naturae - healing power of nature
primum non nocere - first do no harm
tolle causam - find the cause
holism - treat the whole person
wellness
health promotion
docere - doctor as teacher
Term
traditional healing modality of India
Definition
Ayurveda
Term
5 great elements of Ayurveda
Definition
Earth (prithvi)
Water (jai)
Fire (agni or tej)
Air (vayu)
Ether or space (akash)
Term
3 basic doshas of Ayurveda
Definition
Vata = ether + air
Pitta = fire + water
Kapha = water + earth
Term
in Ayurveda each individual has their own make up called
Definition
Prakriti
Term
Health restoration involves 2 courses of Rx what are they?
Definition
prophylaxis - maintain health and prevent disease
therapy - to restore health
Term
based on the universal principle of yin and yang
Definition
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Term
5 phases (elements) in TCM
Definition
wood
fire
earth
metal
water
Term
critical concept of TCM
Definition
Qi
blood is considered to flow with chi and is conveyed by it. The two are linked together as a person is linked to their shadow. blood has a broader and less definite range of actions than it does in biomedicine
Term
therapeutic goal of acupunture is what?
Definition
to regulate Qi
Term
MOA of magnet therapy
Definition
increase blood flow, decrease inflammation.
increased oxygenation is thought to help transport endorphins thereby reducing pain.
Term
newer research shows that magent therapy must be how strong or how long to be effective?
Definition
> 800 gauss/80 m tesla and exposure must be at least 24-48 hours
Term
principle of magnet therapy
Definition
all living organisms have biomagnetic fields around them
Term
why are magents placed over arteries?
Definition
to carry the magnetic field farther (it's attracted to the iron in the blood)
Term
uses of magnet therapy (12)
Definition
arthritis (RA, OA)
fibromyalgia
repatative strain injuries
peripheral neuropathy
pain management
insomnia
sponylosis
migraine
chronic fatigue syndrome
high blood pressure
diabetes
bowel disorders
Term
magnet therapy should be avoided in what patients?
Definition
those wth implanted cardiac and other medical devices (pacemakers, defibrillators, E-stimulators, etc)
Term
what is different from healing/therapeutic touch and most other manual therapies?
Definition
the patient is not physically touched - practitioners hands are though to manipulate the flow of energy around the pt's body
Term
spanish curar means
Definition
to heal
Term
curanderismo has two parts, what are they?
Definition
natural and supernatural
Term
in curanderismo, supernatural illness is initiated by what?
Definition
evil spirits (espiritos malos) or brujos (persons practicing evil magic)
Term
decribe this common folk illness:
susto
Definition
susto - acute illness caused by a frightening event
Term
decribe this common folk illness:
susto
Definition
susto - acute illness caused by a frightening event
Term
decribe this common folk illness:
mal de ojo
Definition
illness is traced to the Near East, a magical glance takes away part of the vital essence of a person
Term
decribe this common folk illness:
Empacho
Definition
intestinal blockage caused by eating the wrong food at the wrong time or being forced to eat unwanted food
Term
decribe this common folk illness:
caida de la mollear
Definition
fallen fontanelle in infants
Term
incorporation of local flora as a means of enhacing health
Definition
herbal medicine
Term
the study and practice of using plant material for food, medicine, and health promotion
Definition
herbalism
Term
indvidual who has undergone specific study and supervised practical training to achieve competence in treating pts
Definition
herbalist, herbal practitioner
Term
common themes of herbalism
Definition
optimize health and wellness
emphasis on the whole person
emphasis on the individual not the disease process
find and treat the cause
apply t
Term
common themes of herbalism (12)
Definition
optimize health and wellness
emphasis on the whole person
emphasis on the individual not the disease process
find and treat the cause
apply the prinicple of duality
recycling - offer a prayer in return for healing to continue the natural cycle
belief in the unmeasurable and abstract
be open to exchange of knowledge
remain accountable to your communty
humility
Term
herbalism should possibly be avoided when?
Definition
pregnancy and lactation
Term
extreme care should be used with herbalism in who?
Definition
children
Term
what is the biggest misconception about natural products
Definition
people assume they are safe because they are natural
Term
what is the significance of DSHEA?
Definition
regulates herbs as dietary supplements, not as drugs. No FDA regulatory authority exists - no standardized purity or bioavailability.
Term
Common food allergy triggers (7)
Definition
soybeans
nuts (esp. peanuts)
dairy products
fish/shellfish
wheat
eggs
food additives (esp. preservatives, coloring agents)
Term
how do you dx a food allergy?
Definition
skin testing, dietary elimination, RAST testing
Term
how does a food allergy occur?
Definition
IgE antibody is produced after the immune system perceives an ordinary food as a harmful substance. IgE attaches to mast cells. With re-exposure, mast cells release chemicals that cause allergic reactions.
Term
what are the symptoms of a food allergy?
Definition
skin disorders (hives, eczema)
respiratory disorders (rhinitis, asthma)
stomach disorders (cramps, diarrhea)
headache
anaphylactic shock, collapse, death
Term
principle of homeopathy
Definition
using likes to treat likes
Term
homeopathy combines what 3 ideas
Definition
medical philosophy
formalized drug testing
protocols for clinical application
Term
this type of medicine views healing of the patient as the most important aspect, uses the smallest possible dose of a medication, and repeats only if necessary
Definition
homeopathy
Term
tenents of manual therapy (4)
Definition
the body is a unit
structure and function are interrelated
body has an inherent ability to heal itself
disease may ensue when normal adaptations are interrupted
Term
who was osteopathy founded by?
Definition
Dr. Andrew Taylor Still
Term
this type of medicine focuses attention on the intention to heal through the "laying on of hands"
Definition
osteopathy
Term
utilizes the concept of "drugless healing"
Definition
osteopathy
Term
waht is the concept of holism?
Definition
all body systems are interconnected structurally and physically
Term
how did the Flexner Model of medical education effect osteopathy?
Definition
established educational parity
Term
when were DO's first commissioned into the armed services?
Definition
WWII
Term
techniques of osteopathy (9)
Definition
muscle energy
HLVA
strain-counterstrain
myofascial release
lymph drainage
cranial osteopathy
visceral manipulation
articulatory technique (passive ROM)
functional technique
Term
who is the founder of chiropractics?
Definition
Danial David Palmer
Term
focused on the "one cause, one cure" theory
Definition
chiropractics
Term
who established educational standards and adopted the scientific method to validate chiropractic theory?
Definition
National Chiropractic Association (NCA)
Term
uses of chiropractics (6)
Definition
asthma
CTS
dysmenorrhea
low back pain
migraine HA
neck pain
Term
what type of chiropractic therapy has show improvement in migraines and tension HA?
Definition
craniosacral therapy
Term
essential theory of massage
Definition
tissues of the body will function at optimal levels when arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage are uninterrupted
Term
contraindications to massage (8)
Definition
skin infection
melanoma
bleeding (esp into tissues from trauma)
acute inflammation (RA)
thrombophlebitis
atherosclerosis
varicose veins
immunocompromised state
Term
what were the implications of the Flexner Report?
Definition
criticized the state of medicals chool teaching.
Proposed a strong foundation in biomedical sciences coupled with hands on clinical training.
Term
what are the macronutrients (3)
Definition
proteins
fats
carbs
Term
what are the micronutrients? (2)
Definition
vitamins
minerals
Term
specific function of proteins (3)
Definition
structural support
body movement
defenses
Term
what are proteins made of?
Definition
20 different amino acids (11 non-essential, 9 essential)
Term
branched chain amino acids are necessary for what?
Definition
muscle structure
Term
aromatic amino acids are necessary for what?
Definition
neurotransmitter production
Term
function of proteins
Definition
antibodies
movement (actin and myosin)
enzymes (lactase, pepsin)
hormones (messengers)
structure (keratin, collagen, elastin)
storage (store amino acids - caesin)
transport - carriers
Term
how much energy do proteins provide?
Definition
4kcal/mg
Term
where do complete vs incomplete proteins come from?
Definition
complete = animal proteins
incomplete = plant proteins
Term
functions of fat (5)
Definition
essential for health (energy, vitamin absorption, growth, development)
provdes tase to food
helps y
Term
functions of fat (5)
Definition
essential for health (energy, vitamin absorption, growth, development)
provdes tase to food
helps you feel full
important source of nutrients (infants and toddlers)
plays a role in cholesterol levels
Term
how much energy do fats provide?
Definition
9 kcal/g
Term
3 types of fat
Definition
triglycerides
phospholipids
sterols
Term
what is hydrogenation?
Definition
the process of adding H+ to unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated and solid at room temp.
Term
what is our main source of cholesterol?
Definition
saturated fats - butter, solid shortening, lard, fatback, coconut oil, palm oil, plam kernal oil, cocoa butter
Term
these types of fat are formed during the process of hydrogenation
Definition
trans-fats and hydrogenated fats = vegetable shortening, some margarines, partially hydrogenated oils
Term
these fats may help lower cholesterol
Definition
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
Term
sources of poly and monounsaturated fats
Definition
fish (salmon, trout, herring)
nuts (walnuts)
seeds
plant oils (olive, soybean, corn, safflower, canola, sunflower)
olives
avocados
Term
what are the essential fatty acids? why are they important?
Definition
omega 6 and omega 3
important in the formation of eicosanoids
Term
2 types of omega-3 fatty acids
Definition
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
docosahexaeonic acid (DHA)
Term
why are omega 3 fatty acids protective against heart disease?
Definition
improve vascular function
decrease inflammatory responses
decrease blood clotting, BP, cardiac arrythmias, plasma TGs
Term
why is the result of consuming TFA's?
Definition
increased risk of CV disease due to:
increased cholesterol levels
increased LDL's
decreased HDL's
Term
function of carbs
Definition
used to make glucose and supply energy
Term
preferred energy source of nerve cells and brain
Definition
carbs
Term
how much energy do carbs supply?
Definition
4 kcal/g
Term
soluble fiber effects on the body
Definition
decrease blood glucose levels
decrease cholesterol
Term
insoluble fiber effects on the body
Definition
promote regular bowel movements
alleviate constipation
decrease risk of diverticulosis
Term
components of the nutitional labal (4)
Definition
serving size
calorie content for that serving size
nutrients
percent daily value
Term
rule of thumb for serving size
Definition
1 thumb = 1 oz of cheese
1 thumb tip = teaspoon of mayonaise, peanut butter, or sugar, etc.
3 thumb tips = 1 tablespoon
1 fist = 1 cup of spaghetti, rice, veggies, etc
1 or 2 handfuls = 1 ounce of a snack food (1 for small, 2 for larger)
1 palm = 3 ozs of meat, fish, poultry
Term
what are the 3 components of a healthful diet?
Definition
moderate
balanced
varied
Term
a physical sensation that drives us to find food and eat
Definition
hunger
Term
a physiologic desire to consume specfic foods
Definition
appetite
Term
where does hunger start?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
appetite stimulating hormone
Definition
Ghrelin
Term
hormone that suppresses food intake --> weight loss
Definition
leptin
Term
physiology before and after a meal
Definition
before: leptin = low. ghrelin = high
after: leptin = high. ghrelin = low
Term
3 factors that influence hunger
Definition
addiction-like behavior
stress & cortisol
sleep restriction
Term
live microorganisms found in, or added to, fermented foods that optimize the baterial environment of the large intestine
Definition
probiotics
Term
2 types of probiotics
Definition
lactobacillus
bifidobacterium
Term
what are live and active cultures?
Definition
refer to the living organisms, lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus, which convert pasteurized milk to yogurt during fermenting
Term
what is BMR?
Definition
the energy the body expends to maintain it's fundatmental physiologic functions.
AKA energy output at rest.
Term
influences on BMR
Definition
primarily lean body mass and age.
also influenced by height, elevated thyroid hormone levels, stress, male gender, pregnancy, lactatoin, some drugs (stimulants, caffeine, tobacco)
Term
problem with artificial sweeteners
Definition
they may be surgar fee but they are not calorie free
Term
2 types of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
Definition
primary = marasmus and kwashiorkor
secondary
Term
what is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?
Definition
marasmus - near starvation
kwashiorkor - poor nutritional state - leads to failure to thrive
Term
what is primary PEM?
Definition
occurs when the inability to meet metabolic demands arises from insufficient dietary intake
Term
what is secondary PEM?
Definition
arises when illness or other factors impair the uptake or utilization of nutrients, increase protein or energy requirements, or increase metabolic losses beyond nutrient availability
Term
causes of secndary PEM (3)
Definition
malabsoprtion syndromes
cancer
post gastrectomy
Term
adverse consequences of PEM can be alleviated with what?
Definition
aggresive nutritional support
Term
BMI levels
Definition
< 15 = starvation
< 17.5 = anorectic
< 18.5 = underweight
18.5 = ideal weight
25-30 = overweight
31-40 = obese
> 40 = morbidly obese
Term
labs to monitor for malnutrtion
Definition
albumin - hepatic function
prealbumin - good indicator of short term nutritional support
Term
what N balance is assocated with malnutrition?
Definition
a negative N balance
Term
patient energy needs can be calculated using what equation?
Definition
Harris-Benedict equation for RME
Term
when does a decision about whether the pt will eat or not have to be made?
Definition
by post op day 4
Term
what type of nutritional support is used when the GI system is working vs. not working? which is preferred
Definition
working = enteral (preferred)
not working = parenteral (TPN)
Term
what two factors have negated the improvements that had been made in CV risks?
Definition
obesity and diabetes
Term
what has been shown to cause > 50% of deaths among women
Definition
lifestyle
Term
what does the density of a lipid refer to?
Definition
ratio of lipid:protein
Term
recommendations for dietary fats
Definition
total cholesterol < 200
LDL < 130
HDL males > 40
HDL females > 45
TG's < 150
Term
BP measurement
Definition
normal < 120/80
pre-HTN = 120-139/80-89
HTN = > 140/90
Term
exercise recommendations for CV fitness, weight loss, weight loss maintenance
Definition
CV fitness = 30 min/day
wt. loss = 60 min/day
wt loss maintenance = 60-90 min/day
Term
purpose of a high fiber diet
Definition
increase intestinal transit time, promote more frequent bowel movements, and results in softer stools
Term
for what conditions is a high fiber diet prescribed? (4)
Definition
diverticulosis
irritable bowel syndrome
hemorrhoids
constipation
Term
for what conditions is a low residue diet prescribed? (3)
Definition
inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's/UC)
reduce obstruction/stricture due to cancer
acute diverticulitis
Term
what is an example of a low residue diet?
Definition
BRAT
Term
what are the components of a BRAT diet?
Definition
banans
rice
applesauce
toast
Term
what foods should be avoided while waiting for diarrhea to pass?
Definition
those that would make it worse including:
milk and milk products
high fat or greasy food
fiber
sweet foods
Term
challenges of a vegetarian diet (7)
Definition
potential for deficiencies of nutritents
(vitamin B12, vitamin D, riboflavin (B2), iron, calcium, zinc, protein)
Term
potential benefits of a vegetarian diet (7)
Definition
may reduce risk of:
obestiy
type 2 diabetes
CV disease
digestive problems
some cancers
kidney disease, kidney stones
gallstones
Term
as you age how does body composition change?
Definition
increased fat, decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)
Term
how can you reverse physiologic changes of aging?
Definition
diet and exercise
Term
advantages of regular exercise (4)
Definition
improves CV fitness
decreases LDL, increases HDL
improves blood sugar
decreases BP
Term
physical fitness program involves 3 complementary components
Definition
fitness assessment
motivational program
lifelong activity and commitment
Term
fitness assessment measure what 4 areas of fitness?
Definition
body composition
cardiovascular endurance
muscular fitness
muscular flexibility
Term
what is the purpose of a fitness assessment and who should receive one?
Definition
purpose = to determine the individual's state of fitness - used as a starting point for the exercise prescription.
Who = men > 40, women > 50 prior to any vigorous activity
Term
what are the components of a general exercise prescription?
Definition
warm up: 5-10 min
intensity: 55-90% of max heart rate
duration: 15-60 minutes
Frequency: 3-5 d/week
Type: aerobic - wt. bearing or non wt bearing
cool down: 5-10 minutes
Term
what does the BORG scale measure?
Definition
exertion
Term
when should the elderly NOT exercise? (7)
Definition
not for 2 hrs after a large meal
with a fever or viral infection accompanied by muscle cramps
if SBP <200 and/or DBP >100
if HR > 120
with a joint that is red, warm, and painful
stop exercising with severe pain or swelling in a joint
any new sx not previously evaluated (pain in the chest, abd, joint, edema in an arm, leg, or joint, SOB at rest, feeling fluttering in the chest)
Term
why should you not skip breakfast (5)
Definition
food is early morning fuel for the body
decreases concentration
feel irritable, short tempered
lightheaded/dizzy
snack more and eat foods of poorer quality
Term
what is the best way to enhance endurance?
Definition
consume carbs before and during exercise
Term
what is "hitting the wall"?
Definition
when muscle glycogen stores get too low, an overwhelming feeling of fatigue making you want to stop.
Term
waht type of energy does the body use for walking vs jogging vs strenuous exercise
Definition
walking = mainly fat
jogging = 50-60% fat
strenuous exercise = glycogen stores
Term
how does increased training effect glycogen stores?
Definition
increased training enables muscles to store more glycogen and increase endurance capacity
Term
what is carb loading?
Definition
consuming an increased amount of carbs to prepare for an endurance event (> 90 min duration).
Term
what are good carbs for carb loading?
Definition
pasta
breads/cereals
bananas
Term
8 powerfoods to eat before or after a workout
Definition
pineapple
papaya
peanut butter and jelly
pasta with meat sauce
8 oz chocolate milk
coffee
cold water
green tea
Term
how much extra protein is required to gain 1 lb of muscle per week?
Definition
14g/day = a forkful per day
Term
good sources of protein (3)
Definition
tuna
non-fat milk
peanut butter
all are cheaper than supplements
Term
where does energy come from?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
S&S of caffeine intoxication
Definition
insomnia
anxiety
restlessness
upset stomach
tremors/jitters
rapid HR
uncontrollable physical agitation
Term
what is the alcohol intake level that is probably associated with an increased rate of alcoholic liver disease
Definition
2+ drinks/day for women
3+ drinks/day for men
Term
what defines alcoholism?
Definition
behavioral patterns and consequences of alcohol intake NOT the amount of alcohol ingested
Term
a strong need, or urge, to drink
Definition
craving
Term
not being able to stop drinking once drinking has begun
Definition
loss of control
Term
withdrawal sxs, such as upset stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety after stopping drinking
Definition
physical dependence
Term
withdrawal sxs, such as upset stomach, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety after stopping drinking
Definition
physical dependence
Term
the need to drink greater amounts to get "high"
Definition
tolerance
Term
what is the MELD score?
Definition
model of end stage liver disease estimates the survival probability of a pt with end stage liver disease. Increasingly being used worldwide to prioritize pts awaiting liver transplant.
Term
3 signs of hyperestorgenism in men
Definition
gynecomastia
testicular atrophy
loss of male-pattern hair distribution
Term
what is protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) associated with?
Definition
development of variceal bleeding and ascites
increased surgical morbidity and mortality
reduced survival
possible worsening of hepatic function
Term
stages of liver disease
Definition
early
advanced
precirrhotic
cirrhotic
Term
what does the United Network for Oragn Sharing using to prioritize pts awaiting liver transplant?
Definition
modified MELD score - based on creatinine, bilirubin, and INR
Term
what is affected in protein calorie malnutrition?
Definition
protein, carb, and lipid metabolism
Term
what are macronutrients vs micronutrients?
Definition
macro = energy, protein, water
micro = electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, and trace elements
Term
result of zinc, vitamin A, and niacin deficiency
Definition
dermatitis
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
night blindness/photophobia
Definition
vitamin A
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
burning of the mouth/tongue
Definition
vitamin B12
folate
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
easy bruising
Definition
vitamin C and K
Term
result of deficiency in thiamine, pyridoxine, and vitamin B12
Definition
paresthesias
Term
what deficiency?
pallor
Definition
iron deficiency
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
hyperkeratosis
Definition
vitamin A
Term
result of vitamin B12, folate, niacin deficiency
Definition
glossitis
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
angular stomatitis
Definition
B12
Term
what vitamin deficiency?
decreased lower extremity DTR's
Definition
vitamin B1, B12
Term
what labs should be monitored for malnutrition?
Definition
serum albumin, creatinine, INR, folate B12, iron studies
plasma levels of vits A, D, E, and INR
Term
treatment for alcoholic malnutrition
Definition
thiamine
daily MVI
nutritional support
protein feeding
sodium restriction
Term
vitamins role in the body (3)
Definition
maintaining bone, blood, and muscle tissue
support the immune system
maintain vision
Term
populations most at risk for vitamin deficiency (4)
Definition
elderly
vegans
alcohol-dependent individuals
those with malabsorptin disorders
Term
most active form of Vitamin A
Definition
preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinoid acid)
Term
what is the only form of provitamin A that is metabloized in mammals to vitamin A?
Definition
beta-carotene
Term
role of vitamin A in night blindness
Definition
without vitamin A rhodopsin cannot be made --> rods & cones are more sensitive to changes in light --> night blindness
Term
drugs that interfere with vitamin A absorption (3)
Definition
mineral oil
cholestyramine
neomycin
Term
in Western countries, when is vitamin A deficiency noted?
Definition
wiht fat malabsorption
Term
vitamin D has a strong interrelationship with what 2 things?
Definition
calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism
Term
how is vitamin D measured?
Definition
by low levels of 25-OH vitamin D
Term
what is the physiologically active form of Vitamin D?
Definition
1,25(OH)2-vitamin D
Term
hypovitaminosis D is associated with (5)
Definition
fat malabsorption from
Celiac disease
Crohn's disease
pancreatic deficiency
cystic fibrosis
cholestatic liver disease
Term
best lab indicator for adequacy of tx for hypovitaminosis D?
Definition
serum 25-OH vitamin D
Term
role of vitamin E
Definition
antioxidant, free radical scavenger - protects LDLs and polyunsaturated fats in membranes from oxidation.
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
taken up from chylomicrons by th eliver and is incorporated in VLDLs
Term
level of and effects of Vitamin E toxicity
Definition
level = >800mg/d
effects: reduced platelet aggregation
interfere with vitamin K metabolism
nausea, flatulence, diarrhea
Term
Vitamin E in contraindicated with what?
Definition
a
Term
Vitamin E in contraindicated with what?
Definition
wafarin use
Term
how do warfarin drugs effect vitamin K?
Definition
prevent the conversion of vitamin K to its active hydroquinone form
Term
pts at risk of vitamin K deficiency
Definition
newborns
cystic fibrosis pts
adults with chronic small bowel disease, obstructed biliary tree, post small bowel resection, braod spectrum abx, renal or hepatic disease
Term
effects of vitamin K deficiency
Definition
prolonged PT
reduced clotting times
Term
vitamin K dependent clotting factors
Definition
2, 7, 9, 10
Term
fat soluble vs. water soluble vitmins
Definition
water = B, C, niacin
far = A, D, E, K
Term
deficiency of B1 (thiamine) in the US is commonly related with what? (2)
Definition
alcoholism and chronic illness (cancer)
Term
sxs of thiamine deficiency
Definition
anorexia
irritability
wet/dry beri-beri
Term
horizontal nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar ataxia, mental impairment
Definition
wernicke's encephalopathy
Term
confabulation, psychosis
additional memory loss
may persist for several months
Definition
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
Term
tx for thiamine deficiency
Definition
if neuro sxs are present = 100mg/d parenterally x 7 days followed by 10mg/d po until recovery is complete
Term
function of B2 (riboflavin)
Definition
part of a coenzyme involved in metabolism of proteins, carbs, and fats
Term
results of B2 deficiency
Definition
problems with skin, eyes, and tongue.
tongue: glossitis
lips/nose: cracking and fissuring
eyes: cataracts, corneal abnormalities, burning, tearing, itching
skin: seborrheic dermatitis, delayed wound healing
Term
actions of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Definition
antioxidant
promotes non-heme iron absorption
aids in conversion of dopamine->norepi
impofrtant for connective tissue metabolism and cross-linking
component of many drug-metabolizing enzyme systems
Term
when are vitamin C requirements increased? (3)
Definition
smoking
hemodialysis
stress (infection, trauma)
Term
vitamin C deficiency
Definition
Scurby
Term
vitamin C deficiency
Definition
Scurvy. US = poor, elderly, alcoholics
S&S = impaired CT formation
petechiae, ecchymoses
inflammed, bleeding gums
bleeding into joints, peritoneum, pericardium, and adrenal glands
kids = impaired bone growth
Term
effects of vitamin C toxicity
Definition
>2gm/day = abd pain, nausea, diarrhea
>3gm/day = increased ALT, LDH, uric acid
kidney stones
hemolysis with G6PD deficiency
>1gm/day can cause false negative gauiac rxn.
Term
function of vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide)
Definition
serves as precursors of 2 coenzymes (NAD, NADP)
important in oxidation/reduction rxns
DNA repair
calcium metabolism
Term
what amino acid can be converted to niacin?
Definition
tryptophan
Term
niacin deficiency leads to what?
Definition
pellagra (diseae characterized by scaly sores, mucosal cahnges, and mental sxs)
Term
what the 4 D's associated with Niacin deficiency?
Definition
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia leading to death
Term
SE of niacin?
Definition
flushing (prostaglandin mediated)
skin dryness, pruritis, headache
Term
are minerals broken down by digestion or destroyed by heat or light?
Definition
no
Term
minerals assist in regulation of what?
Definition
fluid
Term
T or F
minerals help rid the body of harmful chemicals?
Definition
true
Term
how much is needed daily of major minerals? trace minerals?
Definition
major = > 100mg/d
trace = < 100mg/d
Term
what is the most abdundant mineral in the body?
Definition
calcium
Term
functions of calcium (5)
Definition
muscle contraction
vasodilaton and vasoconstriction
bone health
secretion of hormones and enzymes
transmitting nerve impulses
Term
majority of calcium is stored where?
Definition
bones and teeth
Term
calcium absorption is affected by what? (4)
Definition
amt consumed and when taken
age
vitamin D (improves absorption)
phytic and oxalic acid (binds calcium and inhibits absorption)
Term
functions of Mg (8)
Definition
muscle and nerve function
heart rate and rhythm
immune system
bone health
regulates blood sugar levels
normalizes BP
involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis
needed for > 300 biochemical reactions in the body
Term
functions of folate
Definition
helps produce and maintain new cells
needed for DNA & RNA synthesis
helps prevent DNA changes that may lead to cancer
needed for RBC synthesis
essential for metabolism and maintenance of homocysteine
works with B12 and vitamin C to help the body digest and utilize proteins
Term
when is there an incresed need for folate? (6)
Definition
pregnancy and lactation
alcoholism
kidney dialysis
liver disease
certain anemias
Term
how can you prevent neural tube defects?
Definition
ingest folic acid preconception and just after conception
Term
iron stores are tightly regulated by what?
Definition
intestinal absorption
Term
considered the #1 nutritional disorder in the world by WHO
Definition
iron deficiency
Term
people at increased risk of iron deficiency (8)
Definition
women of childbearing age
pregnant women
perterm, and low birth weight infants
older infants, toddlers
teenage girls
women with heavy menses
kidney failure (dialysis)
chronic malabsorption
Term
T or F
iron overload is an important to assess as iron deficiency?
Definition
true!
Term
who is unlikely to need iron supplementation? (2)
Definition
men
postmenopausal women
Term
metabolism of Vitamin D
Definition
7-dehydrocholesterol -> cholecalciferol (vit D3) -> 25-hydroxycholecalciferol -> 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Term
true or false
new research in vitamin D confirms theories that vitamin D supplementation should be used with great caution
Definition
false!
Term
known benefits of vitamin D
Definition
psoriasis - sunlight exposure decreases the severity.
Term
groups at risk for deficiency of vitamin D (6)
Definition
homebound elderly
older individuals
darker skinned people
communities that makes their members cover up
obese individuals
pregnant women
Term
measurement of what form of vitamin D has greater reliability?
Definition
25(OH)D - calcidiol
Term
what hormones does stress effect?
Definition
catecholamines - epi (from adrenal medulla) and norepi (from ANS - sympathetic branch)
Term
primary steps in cancer development
Definition
initiation - mutations of a cell's DNA by a carcinogen
promotion - mutated cells and their aberrant DNA replicate uninhibited
progression - invasion and mets occur
Term
2 possible explanations for the conversion of stress to malignancy?
Definition
1. damage to the thymus gland and immune system
2. neuroendocrine effects - mediated thru hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex
Term
being stressed can make a person vulnerable to what other factors?
Definition
influencing the integrity of the immune system
food interactions
nutritonal status
Term
early nutitional support for patients with cancer may help maintain integrity of the immune system leading to what?
Definition
improved response to therapy and prognosis
Term
there is a strong connection between what and cancer?
Definition
being overweight or obese
Term
how does dietary fat effect breast, colon, and prostate cancer?
Definition
breast - no demonstrated link
colon - higher occurence with Western diet
prostate - linked with consumption of animal fat
Term
how does soy effect cancer?
Definition
results are controversial, soy foods do appear to prote
Term
how does soy effect cancer?
Definition
results are controversial, soy foods do appear to protect against prostate cancer
Term
MOA of antioxidants (4)
Definition
enhance the immune system
inhibit growth of cancer cells and tumors
prevent oxidative damage to DNA by stabilizing free radicals
reduce inflammation in blood vessel walls
Term
how are supplements regulated?
Definition
as foods, not drugs
don't need approval from FDA prior to marketing
tested by the manufacturer prior to marketing, not the FDA
no proof of safety is requires unless it's a new dietary ingredient not previously sold in the US before 1994
no federal guidelines on purity, quality, safety, or composition
Term
recommneded supplements
Definition
vitamin K x1 at birth for newborns
infants: vitamin D supplements for breast fed babies until age 6m. iron-fortified cereal for breast fed infants 6m and older.
flouride for children not drinking flouridated water.
calcium and vitamin D for people at risk of low bone mass
vitamin B12 for elderly and vegans
MVI/mineral supplements for those on energy-restricted diets, HIV/AIDS, or other wasting diseases
Term
having a moderate amount of excess body fat. wt for a specific height > accepted standards.
Definition
overweight
Term
excess body fat that adversely affects health
Definition
obese
Term
body weight that exceeds > 100% of normal, putting the person at very high risk for serious health complications.
Definition
morbidly obese
Term
2nd most preventable cause of disease and mortality in the US
Definition
obesity
Term
charcteristics of adipose tissue
Definition
modest wt gain = fat cells increase in size
significant wt gain = fat cells increase in size and number
wt loss = fat cells decrease in size but not number
Term
what are "thrifty genes"
Definition
genetic tendency to expend less energy both at rest and with activity
Term
what is a genetic "set point"
Definition
theory that suggests that our wt is programmed to remain within a narrow range
Term
3 critical time periods for weight gain
Definition
gestation and early infancy
adiposity rebound - 5-7 yo
adolescence (puberty)
Term
consequences of being apple shaped
Definition
fat is stored primarily around the waist.
increased risk of DM2, HTN, and heart disease
Term
how do you calculate a wasit to hip ratio, what is healthy?
Definition
waist circumfrence/hip circumfrence
women = 0.7
men = 0.9
the higher the ratio, the higher the risk for CV disease.
Term
stomach stapling to reduce total t
Definition
Term
stomach stapling to reduce total food intake
Definition
gastroplasty
Term
surgery that attaches the lower part of the small intestine to a reduced stomach, less food is absorbed and food consumed bypasses the stomach and duodenum.
Definition
gastric bypass surgery
Term
2 types of banding gastroplasty
Definition
vertical - restrictive form of bariatric surgery
horizontal - laporoscopic adjustible gastric banding
Term
what is dumping syndrome?
Definition
occurs post gastrectomy and post gastric bypass.
also called rapid gastric emptying.
occurs when undigested contents of teh stomach are transported or "dumped" into your small intesting too rapidly.
worse after eating high sugar meals (sucrose or fructose)
Term
keys to successful weight loss
Definition
reduce your intake gradually
set realistic weight loss and time period goals
engage in regular physical activity
apply behavior modification techniques (keep a food log, save special treats for special occasions, chew slowly, use smaller plates, avoid buying problem foods)
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