Characterized by a high systolic and low diastolic blood pressure and a bounding pulse. The murmur of aortic regurgitation occurs during diastole. Left ventricular failure may result because of the high-volume work.

                Result of an incompetent aortic valve that allows blood to flow back to the left ventricle during diastole, thus increasing the left venrticle stroke volume. Causes: RF, idiopathic dilation of the aorta, congenital abnormalities, IE, Marfans, HTN, trauma, and failure of prosthetic valve. Characterized by the presence of a sudden, large regurgitant volume to a left ventricle of normal size that has not had time to adapt to the volume overload. Heart responds with use of the Frank-Starling mechanisms and an increase in heart rate, fail to maintain CO. Severe elveation in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, culminating in pulmonary edema. Decrease in CO leads to sympathetic stimulation and a resultant increase in heart rate and peripheral vascular resistance that cause regurgitation to worsen.Death from pulmonary edema, ventricular arrhythmias, or circulatory collapse is common in severe cases. Disease progresses: exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Complaint of uncomfortable awareness of heartbeat, when lying down. Tachycardia with stress or exertion. Major findings: widening of arterial pulse pressure, rapid rise and fall (Corrigan pulse), elevated systolic and low diastolic. Carotid pulsation in the neck, throbbing of peripheral pulses.

Characterized by large V waves in the left atrial pressure tracing and a loud systolic murmur that radiates to the left axilla. Mitral regurgitation increases the work of the left atrium and ventricle and can lead to left-sided heart failure.

                Referred to as the floppy mitral valve syndrome. More frequent in women, familial. Autosomal trait. Associated with Marfans, osteogenesis imperfecta, and other connective tissue disorders, and with cardiac, hematologic, neuroendocrine, metabolic, and psychological disorders. Myexedematous (mucinous) degeneration of mitral valve leaflets that causes them to become enlarged and floppy so that they prolapse or balloon back into the left atrium during systole. Asymptomatic and discovered during physical. Some have chest pain mimicking angina, fatigue, anxiety, palpitations, and light-headedness.

Causes ischemia. Arterial insufficiency is decreased blood flow or lack of blood flow through your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart, out to your tissues and organs. Arterial insufficiency occurs when your arteries become narrowed or blocked by an underlying disease or condition. This decreases blood flow and oxygen delivery to the cells, tissues and organs being supplied by your arteries. Without adequate blood flow and oxygen, cells and tissues may not function properly and may even begin to die. The most common cause of arterial insufficiency is atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. Plaques narrow your arteries and may eventually block blood flow through them. Plaques can also rupture and cause a blood clot to develop in the artery. This can lead to a life-threatening condition, such as a heart attack or stroke.

Arterial insufficiency can also be caused by emboli. Emboli are blood clots that travel through the blood until they become lodged in an artery and block blood flow. This can also cause a life-threatening condition, such as a pulmonary embolism. Pain: yes, worsens with exercise, worse in am and gradually improves as day progresses; DON'T ELEVATE. Pulse: may be absent or decreased. Color: Pale, mottled. Edema: NO. Temperature: Cool to touch. Capillary Refill: No, may be sluggish. Long term effects: skin thin with shiny appearance, hairless, muscles atrophy, local pain and then progresses to numbness, risk of ulceration, prone to gangrene.

Arterial insufficiency can affect many areas of your body. The symptoms of arterial insufficiency will depend on the arteries and the areas of the body that are affected. It can result in symptoms of a heart attack, such as chest pain and shortness of breath, when it affects the arteries around the heart. When arteries to the brain are affected, you may experience symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. This includes dizziness, numbness, vision problems, or difficulty walking or talking.

Peripheral artery disease is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to your limbs. When you develop peripheral artery disease (PAD), your extremities — usually your legs — don't receive enough blood flow to keep up with demand. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking (intermittent claudication). Peripheral artery disease is also likely to be a sign of a more widespread accumulation of fatty deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This condition may be reducing blood flow to your heart and brain, as well as your legs.Intermittent claudication symptoms include muscle pain or cramping in your legs or arms that's triggered by activity, such as walking, but disappears after a few minutes of rest. The location of the pain depends on the location of the clogged or narrowed artery. Calf pain is most common. 

• Painful cramping in your hip, thigh or calf muscles after activity, such as walking or climbing stairs (intermittent claudication)
• Leg numbness or weakness
• Coldness in your lower leg or foot, especially when compared with the other leg
• Sores on your toes, feet or legs that won't heal
• A change in the color of your legs
• Hair loss or slower hair growth on your feet and legs
• Slower growth of your toenails
• Shiny skin on your legs
• No pulse or a weak pulse in your legs or feet
• Erectile dysfunction in men

swelling of tissues, usually in the lower limbs, due to the accumulation of fluids.

The condition is commonly associated with aging, but can be caused by many other conditions, including congestive heart failure, trauma, alcoholism, altitude sickness, pregnancy, hypertension, or merely long periods of time sitting or standing without moving. Some medicines (e.g. amlodipine, pregabalin) may also cause or worsen the condition.

Excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. Fluid can accumulate for other reasons, including pneumonia, exposure to certain toxins and medications, and exercising or living at high elevations. Develops suddenly (acute) is a medical emergency requiring immediate care. Treatment varies depending on the cause, but generally includes supplemental oxygen and medications. S/S of acute:

• Extreme shortness of breath or difficulty breathing dyspnea) that worsens when lying down
• A feeling of suffocating or drowning
• Wheezing or gasping for breath
• Anxiety, restlessness or a sense of apprehension
• A cough that produces frothy sputum that may be tinged with blood
• Excessive sweating
• Pale skin
• Chest pain, if pulmonary edema is caused by heart disease
• A rapid, irregular heartbeat (palpitations) 
• S/S of chronic:
• Having more shortness of breath than normal when you're physically active.
• Difficulty breathing with exertion, often when you're lying flat as opposed to sitting up.
• Wheezing.
• Awakening at night with a breathless feeling that may be relieved by sitting up.
• Rapid weight gain when pulmonary edema develops as a result of congestive heart failure, a condition in which your heart pumps too little blood to meet your body's needs. The weight gain is from buildup of fluid in your body, especially in your legs.
• Swelling in your legs and ankles.
• Loss of appetite.
• Fatigue.
• High altitude S/S:
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Fluid retention
• Cough
• Shortness of breath

Control the movement of blood out of the ventricles. Controls the flow of blood into the pulmonary circulation. Also referred to as semilunar valve, that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve.

The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound (S2). The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.

Abnormal concentrations of serum lipoproteins in a high level of LDL

(low density lipoproteins) or "bad" cholesterol and/or a low level of HDL (high density lipoproteins) or "good cholesterol".

Cardiac effects: left ventricle undergoes hypertrophy as a result of increased workload, resulting in increased myocardial oxygen demand; when the myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the supply, ischemia develops and heart failure may ensue.

Vascular effects: the development of atherosclerosis in the aorta and medium-to

-large sized arteries is accelerated, resulting in isolated systolic HTN in elderly patients and contributing to cerebral infarction; atherosclerosis in the smaller arteries and arterioles contributes to cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. May be without symptoms; when S/S do occur, they may signify advanced high blood pressure and respresent damage to target organs. Findings may include: HA, fatigue, angina, retinopathy, left ventricular failure (crackles, dyspnea, extra heart sound), evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on chest radiographs and ECG; HTN may also be associated with myocardial infarction, seizures and coma.