Term
| Describe the Framingham Study |
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Definition
| 1948 under Dr. Thomas Dawber. Wanted to relate antecedent biological and lifestyle factos with the occurence of CVD in a population sample of 5209 women and men bet age of 30 and 62 living in Framingham, Massachussetts. It is still going on ints its 3rd generation. |
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Term
| Name the 10 diseases, conditions |
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Definition
CVD-cardiovascular disease
CHD-coronary heart disease
CAD-coronary artery disease
CHF-conjestive heart failure
CVA-cerebrovascular accident
MI-myocardial infarction
SCD-sudden cardiac death
AP-angina pectories
PVD-peripheal vascular disease
HVD-heart valve diseas (can be born with it) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 hour within initial onset of symptoms 20-25% of heart attacks are SCD |
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Term
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Definition
*Creeping heart disease
*nearly 13 million americans suffer from some type
*every 29 seconds, an american suffers from a complication
*every minute another dies from it
*CAD is most significant chronic condition and leading cause of death for all segments of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition, it is a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part, marked by pain and organ dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| a build up of fatty deposits on the interior of artery walls ( athero- plaque, sclerosis- hard) Plaques are comprised of lipid and thrombus and usually are within the lumen, intima or endothelial of arterial walls. it is the number one cause of CAD.. ****there is development progression and regression |
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Term
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Definition
| a common disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls, often called "hardening of the arteries" |
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Term
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Definition
| generalized death of tissue. it is survivable |
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Term
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Definition
| localized area of necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| blockage, obstruction. ***depends of host susceptibility, tolerance, and sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
passage of a fluid through a specific organ or an area of an organ
*Normal: unobstructed
*abnormal: some type of obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
local or systemic lack of oxygen:
1) inadequate supply of 02 to respiratory system
2) inability of blood to carry 02 to tissues
3) failure of tissues to absorb 02 from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
thoracic pain caused most often by myocardial anoxia as a result of athersclerosis or coronary artery problem.
-pain usually radiates along neck, jaw, shoulder, or down left arm. frequently accompanied by a feeling of suffocation and impending death
- can be exertional, emotional, eating,exposure to intense cold. relieved by rest and vasodialation of coronary arteries.
- anoxia, ischemia, but not significant necrosis yet. |
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Term
| Types of Angina Pectoris (Gods warning sign) |
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Definition
Chronic: long lasting (best)
Stable: well established level of onset, demands( predictable)
Acute: lower levels, unpredictable
Unstable: AP without the demands, unpredictable **immediate treatment
Nocturnal: sometimes alone, intense fear, rest, occurs at lower levels than usual..at night! |
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Term
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Definition
CAD (remains undetected until it occludes 70% of the original coronary lumen.
Atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Some plaques are stable and others are not |
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Term
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Definition
| Are vulnerable to cracking or rupturing which leads to a blood clot. Risk factors (more later) damage the endothelium and start the athersclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
Is made of atheroma which is a mixture of cholesterol, decaying muscle cells, fibrous tissue, clumps of blood platelets, and sometimes calcium.
Plaque formation narrows the arteries so blood cant get through to supply 02 and nutrients. |
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Term
| Affected areas that starve of 02 blood and nutrients |
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Definition
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Term
| What does plaque build up result from |
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Definition
| a combo of excess lipids and damage to the blood vessels or HBP? of turbulent flow |
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Term
| WBC and their response to artery damage |
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Definition
| they stick the the vessel lining and release chemicals to attract other cells to "heal" the injured vessel. So a previously smooth artery lining starts to develop streaks of sticky plaques, which attract more plaque and causes turbulence, and a vicious cycle begins, and causes more damaged cells. |
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Term
| Causes of Angina Pectoris |
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Definition
Cholesterol
Lipoprotein
LDL, low, bad, sticky, adhere to interior vessel walls
HDL, the good, scavengers, like garabage trucks |
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Term
| Other contributing factors of Angina Pectoris |
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Definition
| inactivity, **smoking, family history, diabetes, overweight, stress, hypertension, diet. |
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Term
| amount of HDL that reduces chances |
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Definition
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Term
| Coronary Arteries (2 pts) |
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Definition
Coronary events are the result of ruptured plaques and are attributable to rupture of atherosclerosis plaques
Rupture of plaque is important in 70% of cases of acute myocardial infarction and in the other 30% of cases no rupture of plaque with thrombus is found at necropsy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more lipids present in the plaque, the greater the potential for reversibility. It is unlikely that the fibrous and calcific portion of plaques can be reversed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The connection between cholesterol elevation and atherosclerotic plaques is clear and well established. It is a cholesterol problem. |
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Term
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Definition
-Nothing- there is blockage, CAD, but no pain called "silent ischemia"
-Angina Pectoris- temporary chest pain
-Unstable pectoris- new, at rest, low levels.."a medical emergency"
-heart attack- complete cut off of blood to a part of the heart, death of tisse "infarct" very serious
-SCD- (sudden cardiac death) often a rhythm problem such as VT (Ventricular tachycardia) or VF (Vent fibrillation ) 20-25% start at SCD
- arrythmia- any deviation from normal pattern of heartbeat
-arrhythmic- pertaining to an absence or irregular normal rhythm, can be called disrythmia
-tachycardia- a condition in which Hr is 7100 BPM..Good? Fever, exercise, excitement. Bad? Anoxia, CHF, hemmorage, shock. It increases 02 delivery by increase HR.
-Bradycardia- abnormally slow HR, good or bad. depending on cause, lightheaded, short of breath, dizziness, fainting. |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to the heart muscle, if tissue is damaged, so is its ability to pump.
1. Dilated CM, where the heart myo stretches and weakens, most common
2. Hypertrophic, more rare, affects LV walls, become abnormally thickened
Some enlargement is okay, (athletes heart) wrong reasons, fever, excessive alcohol, immune problems |
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Term
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Definition
Involuntary recurrent contraction of muscle fiber or bundle of fibers. Fibers of a chamber result in inefficient random contraction of the chamber and disruption of the normal sinus rhythm. Name by the part that is contracting abnormally such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation... youd need a fribrillator/shocks
AED- defribillator.. automatic external device |
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Term
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Definition
Deep Vein Thrombosis- formation of a blood clot (thrombosis) that blocks a vein deep within the muslces of legs or pelvis, causing swelling and pain.
with time, the body can dissolve the clot, but the danger is that a tiny fragment could break away and travel in the bloodstream to the lungs.. if large enough it may block an artery, a life-threatening condition- pulmonary embolism.
caused by damage to vein lining (trauma or infection) increased clotting factors in blood, reduction in venous blood flow like in activity, during illness, traveling, following surgery, with varicose veins, and is made worse by dehydration. |
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Term
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Definition
Blockage of the arteries by abnormally large objects, such as fragments of the blood clot, that form within circulation and travel in the bloodstream.
Normally blood flows smoothly- normal perfusion. Sometimes a substance that is not normally present in circulation clot, air, fat, forms and is called an embolis. If large enough, they can lock arteries and cut off blood supply to a body part, a condition known as an embolism. |
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Term
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Definition
-If an embolis originates in veins, it travels back to the RS of the heart and from there to the lungs, where blockage and pulmonary embolism may occur.Coumadin.. prevents clots
- If the embolis originates in the arteries, it may travel to any part of the body. Common sites are the brain, kidneys, spleen, intestines, and lubs. some fatal/non. painful/non. |
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Term
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Definition
| is painful and blocks vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
-blood clot- most common type. it usually breaks off from an existing clot (thrombus) on the wall of an artery, a result of athersclerosis
-air bubbles- can enter the circulation by accident during intravenous administration of fluids or drugs. Scuba diving can cause air embolis (bends) rising to the surface too quickly. and by over-inflation of the lungs
-amniotic fluid- surrounding the baby may enter the veins around the pelvis (rare)
- materials, fragments of tumors, fat, cholesterol, plaque. |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the lining of the heart, caused by an infectious organism
endocardium coats the inner walls of the chambers and the valves.
valvular endocarditis
bacterial endocarditis: streptococci and staphylococci.
mayocarditis: came but with myocardium, virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus.
pathogen caused proteins to be released from MC, the defense system does not recognize them and mistakenly attacks the heart muscle. |
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Term
| Condition- other causes of chest discomfort |
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Definition
-spasm of the esophagus
-GERD gastro esophagal reflux disease.
-HIATAL hernia- a protusion of part of the stomach upward through the diaphram
-inflammation of bones, cartilage of chest, or sternum
-muscular pain of myocardium of chest wall, back shoulders, arms. |
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Term
| How do you know if pain is not from the heart? |
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Definition
if it is extremely short (40 sec)
feels of surface, not deep
sharp and stabbing
not associated with exertion |
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Term
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Definition
| If a rupture plaque is not the cause of sudden coronary death or unstable angina pectoris, what is? The quantity of coronary plaque present is enormous. Studies examining 5 mm segment of the four major epicardial coronary arteries in these patients have demonstrated that plaque is present in every 5 mm segment and that more than a third of these segments are narrowed >75% in cross-sectional area. 70% of plaque is fibrous, 10% lipid, 10% calcium and 10% other types of tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lumen of the common carotid artery is wide opened, but the lumen of the internal carotid is severely narrowed and contains mostly lipids, calcific deposits, and some fibrous tissue. These plaques tend to contain a higher volume of lipid than other coronary plaques. |
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Term
| Abdominal Aorta (AAA) and Peripheal Arteries |
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Definition
| has to do with athersclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| if you have plaque in one arterial system, you most likely have it in other systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek for "lump" an aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and cellular elements of blood attached to the interior wall of a vessel, sometimes occluding the lumen. Also called a blood clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek for "to plug" a foreign object, tissue, quantity of air or gas, or a piece of a thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| abonormal condition in which an embolus travels and becomes lodged. Symptoms vary: characteristics of embolus, size, nature, location, and length of time |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical incision into an artery for the removal of an embolus or clot, performed as emergency treatment. Thrombi tend to lodge at the juncture of major arteries. More than half lodge in the aorta, arteries, or pulmonary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body, a type of swelling.
location, cause, and distribution of edema are very important.
LEGS: usually is a characteristic of heart failure or problems with the veins of the legs. Edema with a cardiac origin is usually symmetric, meaning in both legs.
Lungs, pulmonary edema: shortness of breath, again can be cardiac related. |
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Term
| PES (Pitting Edema Scale) |
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Definition
1. barely perceptible depression
2. easily identified depression (EID) Skin rebounds to original contour within 15 s
3. EID, 15-30
4. easily identified >30 s |
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Term
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Definition
Myocardial Infarction
- a reduction in the blood supply to the heart muscle leading to irreversible damage.
- causes: lack of oxygen to the heart muscle and the tissues die (necrosis) can be either from plaque buildup or a clot from the plaque. |
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Term
| 6 symptoms you can see on the spot. |
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Definition
1. chest pain, sometimes "crushing" cam radiate down both arms into jaw/throat
2. shortness of breath: inability of the heart to pump properly so excess fluid accumulates in the lungs
3. sweating "cold sweat" although perspiring profusely, person may have cold hands and feet.
4. nausea: about half of all people feel very sick to their stomachs during early stages.
5. palpitations: an "awareness" of the heart beating in the chest, is caused by an increase heart rate.
6. dizziness-dizzy feeling may be followed by a loss of consciousness usually from an irregular HR |
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Term
| Other symptoms you can see from a machine |
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Definition
Elevation of the S-T segments and Q wave on EKG
Lab Work- increased levels of blood enzymes specific to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheal Vascular Disease. A build up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels that leads to impaired blood supply to the legs. This is athersclerosis clogging the limb blood supply by fatty deposits.
Cause: same reasons it does in the coronary arteries, excess fats, fiber, etc. circulating in the blood stick to the lining of the arteries that are roughened or slightly damaged, causing a narrowing or complete blockage in the vessels of the legs.
Symptoms: Intermittent claudication: cramp- like pain in the calves, thighs, buttocks that occurs because the muscles are deprived of 02. First notice pain during exertion, but as it progresses pain develops with less and less exertion, eventually while **AT REST! |
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Term
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Definition
"a brain attack" also called CVA- cerebrovascular accident.
#3 killer behind HD and cancer.
Although #3, it is the leading cause of serious LTD(long term disease) in the U.S.
A stroke occurs when a blood clot or bleeding suddenly interrupts the flow of blood to an area of the brain. When deprived of blood, brain cells lose their ability to function and if deprived for too long they die.
Since brain cells are highly specialized, the location of the stroke determines damage to functions. |
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Term
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Definition
-Some caused by broken or ruptured blood vessels which result in blood in the brain or brain area. These are sometimes called red strokes (red blood). Also called a hemorrhagic stroke.
Brain is very sensitive to bleeding and pressure which damage brain tissue, often permanently.
This accounts for app. 20% of all strokes but these are usually more sever and more often fatal than ischemic strokes (the 2nd type)
-Others caused by blockage of the vessels to the brain, so no blood leaks into brain tissues, sometimes called white strokes (no red blood)
-ischemic stroke: when a clot or other particle blocks a blood vessel in the brain and cuts off blood supply.
**Remember ischemia is a lack of blood flow. 70-80% of all strokes are ischemic and occur in two forms. |
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Term
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Definition
Cerebral thrombosis: form a progressive narrowing of arteries in the brain (or carotid).
-Plaque narrows the artery and the clot or thrombus does not move.
-Main causes for this type are athersclerosis:::cholesterol problem. and HPB
-This is temporary lack of blood flow to the brain which is actually a small or mini stroke.
-Effects usually last for a few minutes or hours
-Cerebral Embolism- form of stroke that occurs when a blood clot or embolus travels somewhere else in the body to the brain. When it lodges in a vessel in the brain it cuts off blood flow to that area of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction.
Usually found in patients with heart and lung disease.
CMD is most commong cause of CHF. CHF is the result of a sequence of events that result in increased fluid in many parts of the body.
LS or RS CHF describe which side of the heart is failing.
Either way, fluid backs up around the heart and causes fluid to accumulate in liver, abdomen, ankles,and other areas. |
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