Term
| What is the most common disorder in the United States? |
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Definition
CV Disease. 5% at age 20, 75% for those > than 75, 20% of the population overall.
Also the most common cause of death in the US. About 1 million deaths per year. |
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Term
| What is the equation for BP? |
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Definition
BP = CO x PVR
Blood pressure = cardiac output x periphreal reistance |
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Term
| What effects blood pressure? |
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Definition
CO: Heart rate, contractility (how well the myocardium is working), filling pressure (tone and volume)
PVR: arterial diameter is the biggest factor in determining BP!!!!, arterial length, and elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce the HR, reduce the contractility (via beta blockers), and reduce the venous blood volume (diuretics) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vasodilation...which cna be achieved by direct action on the vessel walls, or through central control action of the CNS |
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Term
| What do angiotensin II and Aldosterone do? |
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Definition
Angiotensin II: active form of angiotensin, causes vasoconstriction, triggers aldosterone production and release
Aldosterone: most potent natural mienralcorticoid, helps with sodim and fluid retention, also a cardiac growth factor |
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Term
| What are the treatments for hypertension? |
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Definition
| Use sympathetic receptor blockers, renin-aldosterone inhibitors, orreduce the blood volume via diuretics |
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Term
| What is atherosclerosis and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Formation of lipid deposits just under the intema of the blood vessel, decreases diamtere size therfore incresaing vascular resistance, potentially occurs in the aorta or the coronary arteries. This is usually the number one cause of cardiovascular disease. Closely related to lipid metabolism. |
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Term
| What are the two sources of cholesterol? |
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Definition
Exogenous: dietary consumption and absorption
Endogenous: Production of cholestrol in the liver |
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Term
| What are Lipoproteins, HDL's and LDL's? |
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Definition
Lipoproteins: Macromolecule consisting of lipid and specialized
LDL: transporter of endogenous cholesterol, the higher your LDL, the greater your risk of heart disease
HDL: "reverse cholestrol transport," removes LDL cholestrol and triglycerides. The more HDL you have, the better, because it gets rid of plaque build-up |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing your HDL alone, does not reduce your risk for heart disease. You have to lower your LDL's as well as raise your HDL's. |
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Term
| What is a fatty streak? What is a Foam cell? |
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Definition
Fatty Streak: LDL-cholestrol accumulates under the endothelium. MOnocytes collect in the fatty streak, LDL is oxidized
Foam Cells: monocytes become macrophages which ingest the oxidized LDL. This damages the endothelium and permits more LDL to accumulate. Creates an inflammatory response as well... |
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Term
| What is the role of inflammation in artherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Provides a unifying theme in the pathogenesis of the disease. in the process, it causes the release of a C-reactive protein. This is what is normally scanned for in the blood to give an indication of the disease |
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Term
| What increases the risk of arthresclerosis? |
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Definition
| Cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, family history, lipid abnormalities, age, lifestyle choices such as obesity and diet |
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Term
| Why do women tend to develope artherosclerosis in earlier stages in life? |
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Definition
| Women have higher levels of HDL, estrogen also is known to raise HDL levels. |
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of Atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, renal artery stenosis, femoral or popliteal stenosis, aorta aneurysm formation |
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Term
| What is the most common mechanism for myocardial infarctions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common lipid lowering agents we use? |
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Definition
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitorrs, Statins, and Fibrates |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of the Statins? |
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Definition
| Liver damage, muscle damage, don't use it when you are pregnant, childrean and teens (all are normally pretty rare cases). But muscle weakness can be a big indicator for us! |
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Term
| What is our treatment for hyperlipidemia? |
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Definition
| PCSK9 inhibitors and other drugs to lower levels of LDL other than using statins via subcutaneous injections every 2 weeks |
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Term
| What are systolic and diastolic readings? |
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Definition
Systolic: pressure at which flow first resumes in a occluded artery
Diastolic: pressure at which flow returns to normal in an occluded artery |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent elevation of blood pressure to 140.90 or above, 50 million americans have hypertension and only about 70% are actually aware of it (around 1930 is when we figured out how to measure it) |
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Term
| What is pheochromocytoma? |
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Definition
| Rare tumor of adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglia, secretes high levels of norepinephrine...main symptoms occur periodically with sever headaches, severe diaphoresos, palpitations, tremor and anxiety |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of hypertension? |
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Definition
| Usually none! That's why they call it the "silent killer." Occasionally will see headaches, malaise/fatigue, and symptoms of complications |
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Term
| What is white coat hypertension? |
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Definition
| Increase in blood pressure due to being in a doctor's office or a medical facility which increases the blood pressure due to stress, not actual hypertension. |
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Term
| What are the two major treatment strategies for hypertension? |
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Definition
| Reduce cardiac output (block beta1, increase venous capacitance, reduce peripheral vascular resistance) Reduce peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| What are the drug groups used for treating hypertension? |
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Definition
Diuretics: lower blood volume
Adrenergic Blockers: BLock alpha 1 and beta 1 action
Direct vasodilators: reduce peripheral vascular resistance
Inhibit Renin System: Reduce volume and periphreal resistance |
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Term
| What is the Limbo Goal and what are the possible side effect of it? |
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Definition
| The Limbo Goal is the idea of how low you can possibly drop your blood pressure, but, the lower you make your blood pressure, the greater the side effects of the BP medication you are on |
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Term
| What orthostatic hypotension? |
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Definition
| When you stand up too fast and you get dizzy because the blood rushes from your brain toward your lower body. |
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Term
| What is the step down strategy for treating hypertension? |
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Definition
| Slowly knocking down the BP to normal stable pressure levels through lifestyle changes in combination of the medications. |
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