Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does blood transport? |
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Definition
Metabolic waste products to lungs or kidneys
Endocrine hormones to target cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does blood regulate body temp |
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Definition
| has coolant properties of water, vasodilation/constriction |
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Term
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Definition
dilation dumps heat
constriction retains heat |
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Term
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Definition
adequate fluid volume:
ion concentration and osmolarity
protein content |
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Term
| What does blood protect against and how |
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Definition
blood loss by clotting
infection by WBCs, antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
55% plasma
45% RBCs
1% WBCs
1% platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid portion of blood containing organic and inorganic material |
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Term
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Definition
| albumins, immunoglobins, fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Function in fluid compartment regulation and nonspecific transport; helps give osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies, immune function, made by one of a kind WBC to help fight off infection |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive blood clotting protein, converted to fibrin to aid platelets in clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a common progenitor cell differentiates to give rise to all blood cells; occurs in red marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs, platelets, all WBCs except lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
anuclear, biconcave disks
flexible shape
no cell division or ATP formation
Contain hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that enables oxygen transport |
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Term
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Definition
| different fetal types; only one expressed after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| iron-containing hemoglobin cofactor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
wear out from bending
no repair possible |
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Term
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Definition
| destroyed by fixed reticuloendothelial macrophages of spleen and liver |
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Term
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Definition
| broken into amino acids and recycled |
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Term
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Definition
| split into iron and bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
| buildup of bilirubin in tissues, yellow color in skin and eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| bruises turn yellow as lost heme is converted to bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
hemocytoblasts(hematopoietic stem cell)→erythroblasts(hemoglobin production)→normoblasts(ejection of organelles and nucleus)→reticulocyte(young erythrocyte)→erythrocyte(functional RBC)
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Term
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Definition
| cells not getting enough oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
high altitude
anemia
circulatory problems |
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Term
| kidney response to hypoxia |
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Definition
release erythropoietin (EPO)
speed up development of new RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| any disease that results in a subnormal oxygen carrying capacity of blood, types can overlap |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| results from lysing or premature removal of RBCs |
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Term
| causes of hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
several genetic disorders
certain pathogenic diseases
improper transfusions
erythroblastosis fetalis |
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Term
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Definition
| results from destruction or inhibition of red marrow |
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Term
| causes of aplastic anemia |
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Definition
| bone cancer, toxin, radiation, chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| small pale RBCs due to iron deficiency |
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Term
| pernicious or macrocytic anemia |
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Definition
| due to folate or b12 deficiency; progenitor RBCs grow but cannot divide and develop normally; autoimmune disease- stomach mucosa is attacked and cannot provide cofactor for b12 absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the globin proteins is absent or faulty; thin, delicate, RBCs in deficient numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs assume sickle shape during periods of low oxygenation, blocks small vessels, painful |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally high concentration of RBCs; increased viscosity, slow blood flow |
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Term
| most common cause of polycythemia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase in RBC count die to low atmospheric oxygen environment |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional induction of polycythemia |
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Term
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Definition
| cells of the immune system that travel throughout the body via blood, only formed element that is a complete cell |
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Term
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Definition
polymorhonuclear leukocytes;
2-5 nuclear lobes
fine granules
most abundant
fastest response to bacteria
phagocytic cells that kill with bleach |
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Term
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Definition
too large to phagocytize
2-3 lobes connected by thin strand
attack large parasites |
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Term
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Definition
release histamine
large, dark purple granules that obscure nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
become macrophages
active phagocytes
nucleus is kidney or horseshoe shaped
largest WBC
kill pathogens and remove debris |
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Term
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Definition
| large round nucleus, very little cytoplasm, dark oval round nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
B cells- produce antibodies
t cells- kill infected/tumor cells, pathogens
natural killer cells-viral infected/some tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
production of WBCs
stimulated by cytokines
positive feedback |
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Term
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Definition
high WBC count
indicative of acute infection or physiological stress |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of cancers resulting in excess numbers of a specific nonfunctional WBC clone within blood, cancerous WBC production crowds out production of other cells and results in anemia with death due to infection or hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
lymphocytic or myelocytic
acute or chronic |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by EBV, excessive number of typically abnormal monocytes and lymphocytes, can develop into cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| low WBC count, indicative of systemic infection or certain types of poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
| determine percentages of each leukocytes to determine infection or leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
neutrophils if bacterial infection
lymphocytes if viral infection
monocytes if fungal/viral infection
eosinophils if parasite infection
basophils if allergy reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic fractions derived from megakaryocytes, aid in clotting |
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Term
| platelet role in clotting |
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Definition
release serotonin-stimulate smooth muscle contraction
attach to protruding collagen fibers of BM
become sticky and attract more platelets to form platelet plug
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Term
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Definition
| cessation of bleeding in a quick and localized fashion when vessels are damaged |
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Term
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Definition
blood vessel spasm
platelet plug
coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
damage to arteries and arterioles causes reflex contractions in smooth muscle of vessel walls
leads to vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow
due to reflex activity and release of serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
platelets attach to exposed collagen and fibrin plug aids stability
adhesion
release
aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
| positive feedback mechanism by which a group of substances react with one another and eventually form a clot |
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Term
| mechanisms that initiate coagulation |
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Definition
extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
clot forms in seconds, requires factor not in bloodstream
damage->factor reaches blood->clotting factors activated->activation of prothrombin activator (prothrombinase) |
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Term
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Definition
clot forms in minutes, all components housed in blood
damage exposes BM ->platelets bind collagen->activation of hageman factor (factor XII)->clotting factors activated->activation of prothrombinase |
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Term
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Definition
prothrombin activator cleaves prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads
fibrin fibers form mesh around platelets to form clot |
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Term
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Definition
clot plugs ruptured areas
PDGF signals smooth muscle and fibroblast proliferation to repair tissue
VEGF signal endothelial proliferation to regrows the vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| plasminogen activator secreted by endothelial cells->cleaves plasminogen into plasmin->plasmin digests fibrin fibers to break up clot |
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Term
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Definition
| a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel, can blood circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| if all or some of thrombus break loose and travel to smaller blood vesels, become wedged and block circulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits production of a particular pro-clotting factor |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits use of vitamin K (used to make several clotting factors) |
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Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
complication of pregnancy and surgery
clotting factor are used up by widespread mini-clots,
nothing left to form a clot,
results in severe bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| deficient platelet numbers due to loss of bone marrow, petechiae |
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Term
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Definition
| small purple bruises caused by numerous small hemorrhages |
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Term
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Definition
| group of genetic disorders in which an individual lacks a specific clotting factor, rely on injection of factor to stop bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies directed against blood antigens not present on persons own RBCs, will attach and lyse any RBC containing those antigens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| superior surface of diaphragm, left of midline, within the mediastinum of thorax |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| double sac covering of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| protect and anchor, prevent overstretching, prevent friction |
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Term
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Definition
| folds to form visceral pericardium, lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| epicardium; attached to outer heart |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled space between parietal and visceral pericardium, contains small amount of fluid that reduces friction |
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Term
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Definition
| infection causes inflammation of pericardium, layers adhere interfering with heart movements and causing considerable pain |
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Term
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Definition
| epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| visceral layer of serous pericardium, outer protective layer consisting of mesothelium and connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac muscle layer of heart, muscle tissue oriented in several ways and fibrous skeleton (connective tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelial cells, simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue rich in elastic and collagen fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that transmit the electrical impulses of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| upper chambers that receive blood from veins, thin-walled, superior portion |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages that increase volume of atria |
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Term
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Definition
| lower chambers that receive blood from atria, pump blood into arteries, thick-walled |
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Term
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Definition
| dense fibrous connective tissue continuous between septa, help anchor myocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| ensure unidirectional flow of blood through heart chambers |
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Term
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Definition
| lie between atria and ventricles, prevent backflow into atria |
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Term
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Definition
| lie between ventricles and exiting vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies walls of left atrium and ventricle; left coronary branch |
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Term
| anterior interventricular artery |
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Definition
supplies walls of both ventricles; left coronary branch |
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Term
| posterior interventricular artery |
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Definition
| supplies walls of both ventricles; right coronary branch |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies walls of right atrium and ventricle; right coronary branch |
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Term
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Definition
| ensure blood delivery to heart even if major vessels are occluded |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialized connections between adjacent cardiac myocytes containing gap junctions and desmosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular contraction, regulated by AV node |
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Term
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Definition
| atrial contraction, regulated by SA node |
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Term
| cardiac conduction system |
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Definition
| network of cardiac muscle cells that are specialized to transmit impulses in a time-coordinated fashion throughout the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| sinoatrial node; acts as pacemaker to stimulate atrial syncytium in a rhythmic fashion |
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Term
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Definition
atrioventricular node; stimulates ventricular syncytium, stimulated by SA node, impulse is delayed
av node>av bundles>purkinje fibers>syncytium |
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Term
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Definition
| uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid and irregular heart beats due to loss of SA node pacemaker activity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| comprehensive picture of the electrical activity of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| atrial depolarization initiated by SA node |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization is masked by larger qrs complex) |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped per minute, product of rate and stroke volume |
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Term
| regulation of cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slow down output, fiber via vagus nerves, act on AV and SA nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| accelerate output, fibers via accelerator nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| center other than SA node initiating beat |
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Term
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Definition
| atria or ventricles contract at a very rapid but regular rate |
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Term
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Definition
sclerosis and thickening of valves
decline in cardiac reserve
atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood away from the heart; aorta branches into smaller and smaller branches and eventually into arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest blood vessels, only one cell layer thick, site of exchange between blood and tissues of body |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood from tissues to heart, formed by convergence of venules into larger veins |
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Term
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Definition
| central blood containing space surrounded by tunics |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer composed of connective tissue containing vaso vasorum |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, thicker in arteries than veins, innervated by sympathetic ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of simple squamous epithelium and underlying connective tissue; only layer present in capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| large thick-walled arteries close to the heart, expand and recoil, aorta and branches, large lumen, elastin in all three tunics, withstand and smooth out large pressure fluctuations |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood to specific organs, able to constrict to regulate blood flow, thick tunica media with more muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate blood flow to capillary beds via constriction/dilation, smallest arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| contain fenestrations at cell junctions |
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Term
| factors that determine what leaks out of capillaries |
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Definition
size of pores
hydrostatic pressure (outward pressure)
osmotic pressure (inward pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| cuff of smooth muscle at capillary/arteriole junction that can cut off blood flow through at a capillary bed, regulates blood flow into the bed |
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Term
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Definition
| found in veins of the legs to prevent back flow of blood between heart contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| veins rely heavily on skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory pumps to return blood to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| incompetent valves leading to dilation of affected veins, typically due to venous pressure, common in legs and anus |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized large flattened veins with walls consisting solely of endothelium, allow very low back pressure drainage, lack outer tunics |
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Term
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Definition
| the joining or crosslinking of blood vessels that serve a common region; allow alternate patterns of blood flow in case of blockage or injury |
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Term
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Definition
artery to artery
vein to vein
arteriole to venule |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood flowing through a structure in a given period of time, measures in volume per minute, same as cardiac output |
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Term
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Definition
| outward force exerted against walls of blood vessels by blood; arterial higher than venous |
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Term
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Definition
| opposition to blood flow, referred to as peripheral resistance, amount of friction blood encounters |
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Term
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Definition
blood viscosity
vessel length
vessel diameter |
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Term
| factors influencing blood pressure |
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Definition
cardiac output (systolic)
blood volume (diastolic)
peripheral resistance (both)
viscosity |
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Term
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Definition
| high BP, transient or persistent, no symptoms |
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Term
| essential or primary hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| due to known cause such as atherosclerosis or positive feedback |
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Term
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Definition
increased blood clotting
formation of aneurysm |
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Term
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Definition
fastest in aorta
slowest in capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the intrinsic adjustment of blood flow to individual organs based on their immediate requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| any condition when blood vessels are inadequately filled |
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Term
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Definition
| low blood volume due to hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal vasodilation due to loss of sympathetic input |
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Term
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Definition
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