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Carly's Barry Patho 2011
Exam I
50
Other
Graduate
02/02/2011

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Cards

Term

 Stages of Life

Definition

Chemical

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Term

 Molecule

Definition

 

Two or more identical atoms

Term

 Compound

Definition

 

2 or more different atoms

Term

 Tissue

Definition
a group of Identical cells working for a common purpose
Term

Organ

Definition
A group of Different tissues
Term

 Organ system

Definition

 several organs working together for a common purpose

(they do not have to be close to or connected to eachother)

Term

 Types of tissue

Definition

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Neural

(anything in our body is made up of these tissues)

Term

 Epithelial Tissue

Definition

 covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.

Function: protection, absorption (microvilli), secretion (microvilli), and excretion (cillia)

Term

 Connective Tissue

Definition
framework on which epithelial cells clusterto form organs, binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their locations, and serves as a storage site for excess nutrients.
Term

 Muscular tissue

Definition

Composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers called myocytes. Attachment to bone=voluntary movement, to organs= involuntary movement

3 types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Term

 Neural tissue

Definition

composed of highly specialized cells called Neurons (cell body, single axon, & 1 or more dendrites), which receive and transmit electric impulses very rapidly across junctions called Synapses

Term

 Homeostasis

Definition
 the capacity of the body to maintain a balance or equilibrium. the main goal of all the structures in the body is to maintain "balance"
Term

 Positive feedback system

Definition
 One of the ways the body maintains homeostasis. It enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated (ie: blood clotting, childbirth)
Term

 Negative feedback system

Definition
 the output of the system decreases or shuts off the original stimulus, or a drastic reduction of the original disturbance. *MOST homeostatic control mechanisms are this system* (ie: Insulin and blood sugar, and hypoglycemia).
Term

 Serosa/serous membrane

Definition

 The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs are covered by this double layer membrane. It is made of connective tissue and has fluid in between.

Parietal: (wall) lining the cavity wall

Visceral: Covering or touching the organs

Term

 Cell

Definition
 The functional unit of any living organism. The basic unit of life.
Term

 Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic

Definition

 Pro- no clear nuclear envelope

 

Eu-Defined cell membrane

Term

 4 things to determine that something is living

Definition

 *must have all 4 to be a living thing*

(the cell has all of these=smallest living thing).

Metabolism: capacity to use and make energy.

Evolve: the capacity to grow and develop

Reproduce: ablility to reproduce

respond to a stimulus: to detect and respond to a change in the environment

 

Term

 Cell's 8 functions

Definition

movement-muscle cells

conductivity-nerve cells

metabolic absorption- intestinal and kidney cells

secretion- mucous gland, adrenal gland, testis, ovary cell

excretion- lysosomes

respiration-cells absorb O2 to make ATP

Reproduction- growth and repair

Communication- maintains a dynamic steady state

Term

 Cell has 3 parts

Definition

 Cell/plasma membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

Term

 Cell/plasma membrane

(contents)

Definition
phospholipid bilayer embeded with proteins that is constantly moving and changing. Selectively permeable. "door keeper" contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, lecithin, cholesterol, Vit E, transferases (protein carriers)
Term

 Phospholipid

Definition

lipids are not soluble. triglyceride loses a fatty acid and adds a phosphorus which is soluble in water. this helps absorption of stuff. phosphorous head=hydrophylic

tails=hydrophobic

Term

 Cell/plasma membrane

(Function)

Definition
controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell, holds cell together, cell to cell recognition, attaches to cytoskeleton and external matrix, protein receptor sites, intercellular junctions
Term

 Cytoplasm

Definition

protoplasm- containing cell organelles, which lies b/w cell membrane and nucleus.

Cytoskeleton- network of threadlike &tubelike structures which contribute strength and shape to cell & anchors organelles

Cytosol- Half of cell volume. colloidal suspension of H2O(80%), protein(15%), lipids(3%), carbohydrates (1%), and electrolytes (1%)

Term

 Nucleus

(Contents)

Definition

contains all genetic material-DNA, RNA, Chromosomes (which consist of genes).

Nuclear envelope: (nuclear membrane) outer covering full of pores, where instructions go out into the cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm: protoplam of nucleus

Nucleolus: small dense area where rRNA is synthesized and the ribosomes are assembled

Term

 Nucleus

(functions)

Definition
determines all cell functions, stores all genetic info vital to cell division and protein synthesis, replication of DNA during cell division, transcription of genetic info into mRNA which is translated into cellular proteins in the ribosomes
Term

 Mitochondria

Definition

"power Plant"

Function: cellular respiration.

rod shaped double membrane packed w/enzymes.

site of kreb cycle and electron transport chain (aerobic resp)the energy stored in ATP is used to power the cellular processes contains mitochondrial DNA (the only OTHER place where DNA is located).

Term

 Ribosome

Definition

"Protein factory"

Function: protein synthesis (mRNA serves as a template)

a granule consisting of rRNA & protein

Free ____ in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins for use in the cell

While attached to the ER, ___synthesize proteins for export, the protein is sent to the golgi body by the ER

Term

 Endoplasmic Reticulum

Definition

"assembly line and transport system"

Function: Synthesis and transport of cell products

consists of membranes which form an internal transport system

Rough ER-stubbled with ribosomes which synthesize proteins for export from the cell

Smooth ER- synthesize phospholipids, steroids, and fatty acids

  

 

Term

 Golgi Body

Definition

"packing and distribution center"

Function: storage, modification, and packaging of secretory products, formation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and lysosomes

-Consists of flattened sacs enclosed by membranes

-Packages the proteins and membranes made at the rough ER. It then modifies the package and ships it appropriately.

Term

 Lysosome

Definition

"suicide bag"

Function: digestion of old cellular components, worn out cells, foreign particles, &/or bacteria that enter the cell

-organelle containing digestive enzymes which break down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Term

 Cillia

Definition

whip-like, motile, cellular extensions

-moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces

(ie: dust and bacteria away from lungs)

-propels other substances

Term

 flagella

Definition

 

 

 

Propels itself

(ie:sperm)

Term

 Microvilli

Definition

 

 

 

Extensions of the plasma membrane used for absorption

Term

 Enzyme

Definition
a protein catalyst which facilitates a biochemical reaction and is not destroyed in the process.-provides a surface on which other molecules fit into place and react with one another-facilitates the making and breaking of chemical bondslipid=lipase protein=protease starch=amylase sucrose=sucrase
Term

Endomembrane System

Definition
a system of organelles that work together to: produce store, and export biological molecules-to degrade potentialharmful substances-includes the ER, golgi, secretory vesicle, and lysosome as well as nuclear membrane
Term

functions of membrane proteins

Definition

transport:  across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute. Some use ATP  to pump substances across the membrane

Enzymes:  catalyzes steps of a metabolic pathway

Proteins as receptor sites: substance binds to this and induces a change in the protein that initiates a change of chemical reactions in the cell

Cell adhesion: temporary binding site that guides cell migration or other cell to cell interactions

Attachment: to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix-maintains cell shape

Term
types of fat
Definition
triglycerides-glycerol and 3 fatty acids
phospholipids- glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phospholipid
Steroids-hydrocarbon rings. Fat soluble and contain little oxygen
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
The most important steroid, needed for reproduction, and are produced by the adrenal gland
Term
protein
Definition
a long chain of amino acids make a protein. There are 20 amino acids, 8 of them are essential (not made by the body). 3 DNA bases code an amino acid which are made in a sequence to code for a protein (by a codon and anti-codon)
Term
dipeptide
Definition
2 amino acids bonded with a peptide bond
Term
polypeptide
Definition
many amino acids bonded with peptide bonds
Term
Protein synthesis (transcripton)
Definition
The first step in protein synthesis. After start enzymes tell the nucleus a protein is needed, a section of DNA is located, uncoiled, unzipped, and copied onto mRNA (by corresponding DNA bases).
Term
Protein synthesis (translation)
Definition
The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to meet the ribosomes for translation. the mRNA binds with the rRNA on the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) with the appropriate nitrogen DNA bases sequence (anti-codon)picks up an amino acid to the ribosome where it is bound to the codon provided by the mRNA. the amino acid chain synthesized grows into a polypeptide chain (protein). Stop enzymes stop the synthesis, and tells the DNA to recoil.
Term
Nitrogen base pairs (DNA)
Definition
6 carbon sugar nitrogen bases
adenine----Thymine
Cytosine----Guanine
Term
Nitrogen base pairs (RNA)
Definition
5 carbon sugar nitrogen bases:
adenine----uracil
cytosine---guanine
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
Interphase: G1 (growth), S (growth and DNA replication), G2 (growth and final preparations for cell division). Mitosis (cell division)
Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokenesis: cell is completely divided into two identical cells.
Term
meiosis
Definition
formation of sex cells in which each cell makes 4 daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes (1/2 of the chromosomes each).
Term
DNA
Definition
genetic code of life. only found in the nucleus (mitochondria has its own DNA). If found in the cytoplasm=cell death has occurred. DNA controls and regulates protein synthesis. all species have the same number of chromosomes in each cell. (sex cells have 23).
Term
epitelial simple squamos
Definition
function: passive transport
Location: lines the body cavities: (mesothelium=serous membrane) cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels (endothelium), lung alveoli
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