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| The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds). |
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| The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws |
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| German chemist in 1828 who chipped away at Vitalism by synthesizing an organic compound present in the urine of animals |
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| helped bring abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of organic compounds into context of evolution by proving that complex organic molecules (amino acids) can spontaneously arise under the conditions thought to have been present in early earth. |
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| organtic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen **major components of petroleum ** hydrophobic because a great majority of their bonds are non-polar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages |
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| compound that have the same number of atoms from the same elements but differ in structure and thus have different properties |
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| differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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Geometric Isomers
How do the differences arise? |
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have the same covalent partnerships, but they differe in their spatial arrangements
**Because single bounds allow their atoms to rotate freely, and double bounds do not allow such rotation -- geometric isomers are possible. |
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| Isomers that are mirror images of each other. - Left hand, Right hand version of the molecules. |
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| chemical groups which affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |
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| Hydroxyl. ** A hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bounded to a carbon skeleton of the organtic molecule. ** Aka - Alcohols such as ethanol. ** These hydroxyl atoms are polar. As a result from electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom. ** They can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars. |
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| Carbonyl Group. Consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond. Has ketones and aldehydes. |
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| name of the compound carbonyl if the group is within a carbon skeleton |
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| name of the compound if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton |
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| Carboxyl Group. Carboxylic Acids. Organic Acids. When an oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH group the entire assembly of the atom is this. |
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| Amines. Amino. Acts as a base. Consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. |
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| Sulfhydryl group. AKA - Thiols. Resembles hydroxyl group in shape. |
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| -OPO3^-2 | aka- Organtic phosphates. Contributes to neg charge to the molecule. Has a potential to react to water, releasing energy. |
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| Consists of a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to another atom. |
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