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Definition
| Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course; developmental theory. |
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| People do no change, People has a master trait, Early social control and proper parenting can reduce criminal propensity. |
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| Traits of Life-Course Theories |
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Definition
| People have multiple traits, people can change over the life course, & family, job, and peers influence behavior. |
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| Offender who follow the most common delinquent trajectory, in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes. |
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| One of the small group of offenders whose delinquent careers continue well into adulthood. |
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| Characteristic of life-course persisters who tend to engage in early sexuality and drugs. |
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| Problem Behavior Syndrome |
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Definition
| A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include; family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, education underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment, as well as delinquency. |
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| Authority Conflict Pathway |
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Definition
| Pathway to delinquent deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance. |
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| Pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventuall escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud. |
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| Pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency. |
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| A developmental theory that attributes delinquent behavior patterns to childhood socialization and pro-or antisocial attachments over the life course. |
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| A developmental theory that attributes delinquent trajectories to mutual reinforcement between delinquents and significant others over the life course--family in early adolescence, school and friends in midadolescence, and social peers and one's own muclear family in adulthood. |
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Definition
| Critical life events, such as career and marriage, that may enable adult offenders to desist from delinquency. |
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| Positive realtions with individuals and institutions, as in a successful marriage or a successful career, that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior. |
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Definition
Tribal process: the need to belong to a group
Rite of Passage: passing into adulthood
Family tradition |
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Term
| Males and delinquency rate. |
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Definition
- 2003 Male crime rate dropped 22%
- 2003 Male violent crime rate dropped 36%
- 2003 846(91%) juvenile homicides were committed by males.
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Term
| Females and delinquency rate |
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Definition
- 2003 the female crime rate dropped 3%
- 2003 the female violent crime rate dropped 10%
- In 1967 the female crime rate was 13%
- Today the female crime rate is currently 33%
- Females are much more likely to kill a family member than a stranger or a peer.
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Term
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Definition
| Holds that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life. |
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Definition
| Fathers assume the role of "bread winner", and mothers stay at home or have menial jobs. |
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Definition
| Husband and wife share power at home, daughters gain a similar freedom to that of sons. |
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Term
| Effects of Early Physical Maturity |
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Definition
| Precocious Sexuality, excessive amount of hormones, premenstrual syndrome. |
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Definition
| Holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men, the cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control female's sexuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asserts that females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide them with fewer opportunities to commit crimes; as the role of girls and women become similar to those of boys and men, so, too, will their crime patterns. |
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Term
| Gender and the Justice System |
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Definition
Females represent approximately 13% of all juveniles in treatment facilities.
Females are more likely to be detained for "status" offenses than males.
Historically, the primary focus of treatment programs has been for males rather than females. |
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Term
| 4 Steps of Female Delinquency Desistance |
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Definition
§ Cognitive Transformation -- Recognition that one's lifestyle is destructive and a desire to change that lifestyle.
§ New Enviornmental Situation -- A new spouse, child or career.
§ Shift in Identity -- Personal identity is positive, mature and responsible
§ View of Lifestyle - What used to be positive is now negative and vice versa |
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| Importance of Family Dinners |
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Definition
Those who consistently dine with their families are; Less likely to abuse illegal drugs, alcohol, prescription drugs and tobacco; and
More likely to make better grades in school. |
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Definition
| An environment of discord and conflict within the family |
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Definition
| The ability of parents to effectively raise their children in a non-coercive fashion. |
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Term
| What makes 13-24 year olds the happiest? |
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Definition
| Time spent with family is the number 1 response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The negative crime-promoting influence of deviant siblings on their brothers and sisters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduced in 1962, refers to The Non-accidental physical injury of children by their parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child including the lack of proper care and attention for which no reasonable explanation can be found. |
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Definition
| Passive neglect by a parent or guardian, depriving children of food, shelter, health care, and love. |
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Definition
§ Approximately 2 million cases per year.
§ In 2005, 1460 children died from abuse
§ Since 1992 abuse has declined |
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Definition
§ Approximately 325,000 cases per year.
§ 89% are exploited by family and or acquaintances. |
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Term
| Effects of Child Abuse in terms of delinquency |
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Definition
Social Control Theory - Maltreatment reduces the social bond and frees individuals to become involved in deviance.
Social Learning Theory - Maltreatment teaches children aggression and violence is justifiable
General Strain Theory - Maltreatment creates the negative affective stats" that are related to anger, frustration and aggression. |
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Term
| Delinquent reports of child abuse stats |
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Definition
70-80% of JD report being abused
75-95% of girls aged 14-18 report being abused
16% of incarcerated adult males report physical or sexual abuse
57% of incarcerate adult females report physical or sexual abuse
60% of rapists are from single family homes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delinquent acts tend to be committed by groups, not loners. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of learning he values and norms of the society or the subculture to which the individual belongs. |
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Term
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Definition
Activity: 1996-2002 14% decline in gang related crime
Location: gangs are moving to suburbs
Age: 18-24/ ageing out doesn’t apply
Gender: 94% male
Membership: approx 700.000
Race/ Ethnicity: (self-reports) - Afro. American 31%, Hispanic 25%, Whites 25%, Asians 5% |
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Term
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Definition
| A giant waste of my time. |
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Term
| Social Disorganization/ Socio-cultural View of gangs |
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Definition
Social disorganization/ poverty/ racism
Dysfunctional families
Drug/ alcohol abuse
Strain theory |
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Definition
Lack of social conflicts
Rapid/ changing populations |
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| Psychological View of Gangs |
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Definition
Sociopath: lack of guilt/ empathy & responsibility
Psychologically distressed: acceptable outlet for aggression |
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| Rational Choice View of Gangs |
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Definition
Source of income
Rewards v. consequences
Protection Survival |
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Term
| Strongest Predictor of Juvenile Delinquency is... |
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Definition
| Failure in School. 80% of delinquents are drop outs. |
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Term
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Definition
□ More kids are dropping out today than in the past.
□ Approximately 2,500 children drop out of school every day in America
□ This is the occurrence of urban locations.
□ Baltimore MD has a drop out rate of 44%
□ Detroit City schools graduate 25% of their students |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who do not achieve success in school at expected levels. These children may just need a little more attention. |
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Term
| The views on the relationship between school failure and delinquency. |
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Definition
□ A direct causal relationship exists.
□ School failure leads to psychological and behavioral dysfunction, which causes antisocial behavior.
□ School failure and delinquency share a common cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Impoverished students are more likely to drop out 6 times to 1. |
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Term
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Definition
□ Dividing students into groups according to individual ability and achievement levels.
□ Detailed analysis of tracking: School Climate |
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Term
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Definition
Every school in America can expect a homicide every 5,348 years.
§ Students are over 50 times more likely to be a homicide victim away from school than at school.
§ Between 2001 and 2005 there were over 2,500 cases of sexual abuse by teachers.
§ Although serious victimization is rare, the fear of victimization is much higher. |
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Term
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Definition
| Students are protected from unreasonable searches. |
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