Term
| Hardiman’s White Racial Identity Development Model, 5 White Development Stages |
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Definition
1. Naïveté – lack of social consciousness, born into the world innocent, open and unaware of racism.
2. Acceptance – the belief that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed in a free society and that those who fail must bear the responsibility for their failure. Victim blaming
3. Resistance – white’s denial system begins to crumble because of events that challenge and shatters that individual’s belief. They realize the images people have are untrue.
4. Redefinition – confronting one’s own biases and prejudices and accepting responsibility for one’s whiteness. Realization that whiteness is the opposite to those of color.
5.Internalization – form a new personal and social identity. |
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Term
| Potential limitations of Hardiman’s Model |
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Definition
a) The select and limits sample that she uses to derive the stages and enumerate the characteristics makes potential generalization suspect
b) The autobiographies of white Americans are not truly representative and their experiences with racism may be bound by the era of the times
c) The stages are tied to existing social identity development theories, and the model proposes a naiveté stage that for all practical purposes exists only in children age 3-4
d) No direct empirical or other postmodern methods of exploration concerning the model to date |
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Term
| Helm’s White Racial Identity Model Ego Status and Information Processing Strategies |
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Definition
| 1. contact - oblivious to racism and their participation in it. Obliviousness. 2. Disintegration - anxiety caused by a dilemma that makes one choose between their group and humanism. 3. Reinteration - idealization of one's own socioracial group and tolerance of other racial groups. 4. pseudo independence - intellecutal commitment to one's own group. 5. Immerson/emersion - search for meaning & benefits or racism and how to redefine it. 6. Autonomy - informed, able to relinquish the privileges of racism. |
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Term
| Sue & Sue’s Five Stages Process Integration Model |
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Definition
| 1. Conformity - minimal awareness belief in universality (cultural encapsulation) 2. dissonance - force to deal with inconsistencies, denial, acknowledge whiteness. 3. Resistance/Immersion - questions own racism angry about being white. 4. introspection - accepts whiteness. 5. intergration - accepts self but forms a nonracist identity |
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Term
Helm’s White Racial Identity Model
Developing a healthy White identity requires movement through two phases |
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Definition
1. Phase I – Abandonment of Racism
2. Phase II – Defining a nonracist white identity |
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Term
| Cross’ Model of Nigresence – Black Identity Development Model |
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Definition
1. preencounter – consciously or unconsciously devalue their own blackness and concurrently values white values and ways
2. encounter – 1)the individual encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his/her previous mode of thinking and believing 2) reinterprets the world, resulting in a shift of world views
3. immersion/emersion – withdraws from the dominate culture and becomes immersed in African American culture
4. internalization – inner security as feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, more tolerant, and more multicultural
5. internalization/commitment – commitment of the individual to social change, social justice, and civil rights |
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Term
| Kim’s Asian Identity Model |
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Definition
1. Ethnic awareness – ¾ y.o., children are exposed to their own ethnicity through the family structure.
2. White identification – entering school, whites become a powerful force in conveying racial prejudices. Child desires to identify with whites. Develops shame, low self-esteem and self blame
3. Awakening to social political consciousness – adopts a new perspective, abandons white identity and understands the oppressions of other people (civil rights and women’s movement) through political events
4. Redirection – reconnects with Asian culture and heritage. Realizes whites were the cause of negative experiences of their youth
5.incorporation – develops positive identity as an Asian American while still respecting other cultures |
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Term
| Sue and Sue’s Model of Asian American Identity Development |
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Definition
1. traditionalist – one who internalizes conventional Chinese customs and values, resists acculturation forces, and believes in the old ways
2. marginal person – one who attempts to assimilate and acculturate into white society, rejects traditional Chinese ways, internalizes society’s negativism toward minority groups, and may develop racial self-hatred
3. Asian American – who is in the process of forming a positive identity, who is ethnically and politically aware, and who becomes increasingly bicultural |
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Term
| Ruiz Hispanic Identity Model |
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Definition
1. Casual – failure to identity with Latino culture. May experience negative experiences due to ethnicity
2. Cognitive – results of a negative belief system about Latinos 3 assumptions arise
a. Ethnic group membership is associated with poverty and prejudice
b. Assimilation is the only means to escape
c. Assimilation is the only road to success
3. consequence – fragmented identity becomes noticeable, ashamed of ethnicity, rejects self-image
4. working through – 1)unable to cope with the psychological distress of ethnic identity conflict 2) can no longer pretend to identify with an alien identity
5. successful resolution – greater acceptance of one’s own culture |
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Term
| Kitano’s Type Model (Japanese) |
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Definition
1. Positive/Positive – a person identifies with both Japanese and American culture without conflict
2. negative/Positive – rejection of white culture and acceptance of Japanese culture with some role conflict
3. Positive/Negative – rejects Japanese culture and accepts white culture with role conflict
4. Negative/Negative – one rejects both |
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Term
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Definition
possessing a monolingual orientation
a.For effective counseling to occur, counselors and clients must appropriately and accurately send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages.
b.Inaccurate communication is the precursor to cross cultural conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
emphasis on long range goals and strict adherence to time schedules
a. Emphasis on cause-effect relationships
b. Implicit assumption that a clear distinction can be made between mental and physical illness and health
c. Psychologist mostly come from middle class background |
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Term
| Three characteristics that may act as a source of conflict for culturally diverse groups |
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Definition
1.counselors expect clients to exhibit openness, psychological-mindedness, or sophistication
2.clients who fail to self-disclose may be seen as resistant, defensive or superficial
3.the counseling or therapy situation is often an ambiguous one |
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Term
| Sources of Conflict and Misinterpretation in Therapy |
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Definition
• Pressure to adopt the values of the dominate culture
• Emphasis on individual as normal and healthy development
• Counselors emphasize and value verbal, emotional, and behavioral expressiveness
•Assumptions that it is mentally beneficial for individuals to obtain insight
•Counseling and psychotherapy value individuals ability to self-disclose
• Counseling and therapy underscore discovering cause and effect relationships
• Cultural groups may define mental health differently that the dominate culture
• Ambiguous nature of counseling may cause discomfort in clients of color
• Differenced in communication pattern may disadvantage minorities in counseling |
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Term
| What is a sterotype and why are they dangerous? |
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Definition
Stereotypes – rigid preconceptions we hold about all people who are members of a particular group, whether it be defined along racial, religious, sexual, or other cultural lines.
• The danger of stereotypes is that they are impervious to logical or experience |
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Term
| Many minorities’ individuals operate from three assumptions |
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Definition
• All whites in American are racist
• Most whites find such a concept disturbing and will go to great lengths to deny that they are racist or biased
• Nonverbal behaviors are more accurate reflections of what white people are thinking or feeling than what they say |
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Term
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Definition
perception and use of personal and interpersonal space
• Personal space in interpersonal communication: 4 distance zones identified in Anglo culture varying from 18 inches to 12 feet
• Intimate: contact to 18 inches
• Personal: 18 inches to 4 feet (therapy area)
• Social: 4 feet to 12 feet
• Public lectures: 12 feet and more
• Latinos, blacks, Indonesians, etc. converse at a much closer distance. Physical contact is frequent
•Arranging furniture, location of seats where you seat the client all have implications in counseling |
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Term
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Definition
bodily movement (facial express, posture, gestures, eye contact)
• Square, open, lean, eye, relax (soler position)
• Some cultures don’t believe in looking certain people in the eye because it is disrespectful
• Blacks listen and look away but talk and look you in the eye |
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Term
| High and Low Context Communication |
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Definition
| HC - anchored in the physical context or internalized in the person. Relies heavily on nonverbals and the group identification/understanding hared by those communicating. Faster, more economical, efficient and satisfying. Relies on implicit aspects of communication, LC - place a greater reliance on the verbal part of the message. Associated with being more opportunistic, more individual rather than group oriented, and as emphasizing rules of law and procedure. Relies heavily on explicit code (written and spoken word) as the main means of conveying thoughts, ideas and feelings. U.S. is a LC culture. |
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Term
| Family system therapy is based on several assumptions |
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Definition
• It is logical and economical to treat all family members who exist and operate within a system of relationship
• Problems of the identity patient are only symptoms, and the family itself is the client |
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Term
| Assumptions of Family Systems Counseling & Therapy |
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Definition
• All symptoms or problematic behaviors exhibited by a member of the family serve a purpose
• The behaviors of family members are tied to one another in powerful and reciprocal ways.
• the task of the therapist is to modify relationships and/or improve communications within the family system |
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Term
| Two Important Approached of Family Systems Counseling & Therapy |
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Definition
1. Communications Approach: Assumption that family problems pertain to communication difficulties
2. Structural Approach: Emphasizes the interlocking roles of family members |
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Term
| Issues in Working with Ethnic Minority Families |
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Definition
1. Ethnic minority reality: racism and poverty dominate the lives of many minorities
2. Conflicting values systems: values imposed by white Euro American society upon minority groups have caused great harm
3. Biculturalism: minorities in the U.S. inherit two different cultural traditions
4. Ethnic differences in minority status: life experiences and adjustments
5. Ethnicity and Language: common sense of bonding among members of a group that contribute to a sense of belonging
6. Ethnicity and social class: aspects of wealth, name, occupation, and status. |
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Term
| A Conceptual Model: Multicultural Family Counseling & Therapy |
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Definition
1. counseling must be culturally aware of their own values, biases, and assumptions about human behavior
2. Counseling’s must be aware of the worldviews of culturally diverse clients and how clients view definitions, roles, and functions of the family
3. counselors must use appropriate intervention strategies to maximize therapeutic success and minimize cultural oppression |
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Term
| Guiding Assumptions of Indigenous Psychologies |
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Definition
• All life forms are interrelated (including mother nature and the cosmos)
• Nature of reality transcends the senses
• Space and time are not fixed
• Much of reality is culture bound |
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Term
| Guiding Assumptions of Western Science |
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Definition
• Reality consists of distinct and separate units of objects
• Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses
• Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality
• Science operations from universal principles and is culture-free |
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Term
| What is Indigenous Healing? |
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Definition
| Helping beliefs and practices that originate within a culture or society. Indigenous healing is not transported from other regions, and it is designed for treating the inhabitants of a given group |
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Term
| Cultural Barriers: Special Considerations for Mental Health Professionals |
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Definition
• Possessing an accurate understanding of clients’ circumstances will prevent tendencies to overpathologize or underpathologize clients’ symptoms
• Be sensitive to potential linguistic and cultural barriers when working with refugees or immigrants especially when one lacks experience or expertise
• Schools and social service personnel should take responsibility for enlightening themselves about indigenous healing practices |
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Term
| Lack of Cultural Understanding Could Lead to Potential Danger |
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Definition
• It is important that mental health professionals become familiar with the cultural background of their clients and become knowledge about specific culture bound syndromes
• A primary danger of lacking cultural understanding is the tendency to
i.Over estimate the degree of pathology,
ii.Incorrectly diagnose clients |
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Term
| Mental Health professionals who work with immigrant and ethnic minorities must take into account: |
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Definition
1. The predominant means of manifesting disorders
2. Perceived causes or explanatory models
3. Preferences for professional and indigenous sources of care |
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Term
| It is important to study and understand indigenous healing practices in order to: |
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Definition
1. Fully understand the worldviews of culturally diverse clients
2. Anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder our therapeutic effectiveness
3. Develop an appreciation for the richness of these old-age forms of treatment |
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Term
| internal and external control |
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Definition
Internal Control (IC) – people’s beliefs that reinforcements are cogtingent on their own actions and that people can shape their own fate
External control (EC) – People’s belief that reinforcing events occur independently of their actions and that the future is determined more by chance and luck |
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Term
| Three Factors of Importance (control) |
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Definition
1. Control ideology: measure of general belief about the role of external forces in determining success and failure in the larger society
2. Personal control: person’s belief about his/her own sense of personal efficacy efficacy or competence
3. Ideological control: related to motivational and performance indicators |
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Term
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Definition
| Stonequist coined the term “Marginal Man” in 1937 some people live on the margins of two cultural. They may deny that racism exist they believe that the reason that people do not succeed is because of their own reasons. They reject their racial heritage and accept the standards of white mainstream America. Native Americans have historically been thought to be marginal. They feel and may very likely be powerless in this power |
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Term
| Value Orientation Model of Worldviews |
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Definition
| (Kluckhohn & Strondbeck) Set of core dimensions (human questions) pertinent to all cultures. 1. time - past, present, and future, 2. human activity - being, being in becoming, doing, 3. social relation - lineal, collateral, individualistic, 4. people/nature relationship - subjugation to nature, harmony, mastery over nature |
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Term
| Internal Locus of Control (IC)- External Locus of Responsibility |
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Definition
Believes that he is able to shape events if given a chance while realistically perceiving barriers of discrimination; more likely to participate in civil rights activities and stress
racial identity and militancy |
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Term
| External Locus of Control (EC)- External Locus of Responsibility |
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Definition
| Blames the system and feels there is little he can do; Maybe the person has given up, attempting to placate those in power (learned helplessness). Keeping a low profile |
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Term
| External Locos of Control (EC)- Internal Locus of Responsibility |
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Definition
| They accept the dominant culture’s definition of self-responsibility but believe they have little control over how they are defined by others; a marginal person living between two cultures without accommodating; deny racism, reject their own cultural heritage. Depend on the evaluation of others |
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Term
| Internal Locus of Control (IC)- Internal Locus of Responsibility |
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Definition
| One example is American society; Idea that people have to take responsibility for their actions is represented in the many self-help books; Approaches consistent with this dimension can be good for Whites but not for minorities |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of responsibility or blamed placed on the individual or system; “Person-centered” or “Person blame” focus; “Situation-Centered” or “System blame” focus |
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Term
| Locus of Control (Rotter) |
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Definition
Internal Control (IC)- people’s belief that reinforcing events are contingent on their own actions and that they can shape their own fate
• External Control (EC)- people’s belief that reinforcement events occur Independently of their actions and that the future is determined more by chance and luck |
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