Term
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Definition
| All cells in the body except for sex cells (otherwise known as germ cells or reproductive cells). |
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Term
| Plasmalemma/Cell Membrane |
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Definition
| A complex structure composed of pohspholipids, proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol. The composition of these materials will vary depending on the function o the cell. |
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Term
| What materials may not cross the lipid portion of the plasmalemma? |
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Definition
| Dissolved ions and water-soluble compounds. |
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Term
| These proteins are attached to the inner or outer membrane surface. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| These proteins are embedded in the plasmalemma/cell membrane. They can be called transmembrane proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces formed by integral proteins in the membrane through which water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds to pass through the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces formed by integral proteins in the membrane which open and close, allowing water molecules, ions, and small water-soluble compounds to pass through the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbohydrate component of the glycolipids and glycoproteins that extend away from the surface of the plasmalemma to form a viscous, superficial coating. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the plasmalemma? |
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Definition
1. Physical isolation from inside of cell to outside of cell.
2. Regulation of exchange with the environment.
3. Sensitivity to changes in extracellular fluid.
4. Structural support to give tissues a stable structure. |
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Term
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Definition
The net movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(i.e. The substance is moving down its concentration gradient until the gradient is eliminated - equilibrium.) |
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Term
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Definition
The net movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(i.e. The water is moving down its concentration gradient until the gradient is eliminated - equilibrium.) |
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Term
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Definition
Compounds are passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins down their concentration gradient.
No ATP is expended in facilitated diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
ATP provides energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane. It is not dependent on a concentration gradient.
For example, ion and exchange pumps.
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Term
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Definition
The packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle at the cell surface for importation.
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis are all examples of endocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
"Cell Eating"
Cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia surround the object and their membranes fuse to form a vesicle and are taken into the cell to be digested by a lysosome. |
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Term
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Definition
"Cell Drinking"
A vesicle filled with extracellular fluid containing lipids, sugars, and amino acids enter the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
When a target subtance (ligand) is bound to receptors on the membrane surface, it forms a coated vesicle. Then proceeds in much the same way as pinocytosis.
The vesicle eventually exits the cell after the ligands are removed by lysososmes in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasmalemma.
They also increase surface area to increase absorbtion, in areas like the small intestine and kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
All of the material inside the cell.
Cytosol refers to the intracellular fluid, while organelles are intraceullar structures that perform specific functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Masses of insoluble materials inside the cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
The internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility.
Its four major components are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
Slender strands composed primarily of the protein actin which are scattered throughout the cytoskeleton and form a dense network under the plasmalemma.
Microfilaments anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasmalemma and itneract with larger structures composed of the protein myosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide strenght, stabalize the position fo organellseand transport materials within the cytoplasm. They are larger tahn microfilaments, but smaller than thick filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Massive filaments composed of myosin protein subunits. They are abundant in muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Hollow proteins built of tubulin.
They form the primary components of the cytoskeleton, shape change of the cell, movement of organelles/other intracellular materials, distribute chromosomes during mitosis, and form structural components of organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylindrical structure composed of short microtubules. They direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Cells that do not divide do not have them. |
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Term
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Definition
Anchored to the basal body just beneath the cell surface, they beat rythmically to move fluids or secretions across the cell surface.
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Term
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Definition
Resemble cilia, but are much longer.
A flagellum moves a cell through the surrounding fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, dense structures which manufature proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
A double-membraned organelle. The inner membrane, called the cristae provides more surface area exposed to the fluid contents (matrix) containing the metabolic enzymes which provide energy for cellular functions.
"Powerhouse" |
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Term
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Definition
| The control center for cellular operations, containing all genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds the nucleus and seperates it formt he cytosol. |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Synthesizes carbohydrates, steroids, and lipids, store the synthesized molecules, transport substances, and detoxify cellular toxins. |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Ribosomes are fixed to the outside of this organelle which synthesize proteins provided by RNA fromt he nucleus. They are then put into transport vesicles to be transported to the Golgi apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesizes and packages secretions, packages special enzymes for use in the cytosol, and renewal or modification of the plasmalemma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicles filled with digestive enzymes formed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then packaged within the lysosomes by the Golgi apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller than lysosomes and carry different enzymes. Formed by free ribosomes within the cytoplasm. Primarily break down H2O2 into water and oxygen. |
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