Living things:

1. Grow
2. respond to changes in environment
3. reproduce
4. use energy
5. are made up of cells
6. contain numerous complex chemical substances
7. have a definite form and a limited size
8. have a limited life span; they do not live forever

Ingestion

Digestion

Egestion

food intake by an organism

breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods

by an organism

Process used by an organism to release energy from their food.  Respiration requires presence of oxygen.

Example:  Oxygen + glucose yields carbon dioxide + water+

ENERGY .  This energy is needed to maintain life.

Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food by a complex series of chemical reactions.

Breathing is the process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs, or, inserting oxygen and retracting carbon dioxide.

Coordinated activities that serve to preserve stability (homeostasis)

1. the nervous system: conducts and releases electrical impulses
2. the endocrine system: produces organic compounds called hormones

Animals detect changes in the environment through the nervous and endocrine systems

 the maintenance of an internal stable environment by an organism ( a steady state)

A disruption in any organism's system will result in a corresponding  disruption of homeostasis

• increase in living matter by increasing cell size or cell number
• growth results from synthesis of food substances into new materials and structures

1. Asexual: the new individual is identical to the parent

1. an exchange of hereditary material between 2 different organisms, and the offspring are not identical to either parent.

1. Protect the cell
2. Control what comes in and goes out based on size
3. Maintains ion concentrations of various substances.
4. Selectively permeable -- allows some molecules in, while others are kept out.

1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion
4. Active Transport

• Random movement of particular going from higher to lower concentrations
• No energy required
• Constantly trying to reach equilibrium

• Use of proteins to carry particular molecules or ions across membrane
• Transport proteins are specific; they select certain molecules to cross the membrane
• Transports larger molecules such as carbohydrates

1. Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrances. 
2. Passive transport
3. Water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations

• Requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient
• Energy is in the form of ATP

Passive                                             Active

Does not require energy      Requires energy (ATP)

1. Diffusion                        1. Protein pumps

2. Facilitated diffusion         2. Endocytosis

3. Osmosis                         3. Exocytosis

4. High to low concentration         4. Lo to hi concentration

 (easy!)                                         (hard work!)                   

Lipid bilayer

1. 2 layers of phospholipids
1. Phosphate head is polar (water loving=hydrophillic)
2. Fatty acid tails are non-polar (water fearing=hydrophobic)
3. Proteins embedded in membrane
4. Carbohydrate chains are used for cell to cell recognition

Types of Transport Proteins

(Active Transport)

1. Channel proteins are
1. embedded in cell membrane and
2. has pores to allow materials to pass 
2. Carrier proteins
1. Some can change shape to allow materials to move from one side of the membrance to the other (side to side)
2. Others change shape to allow materials to move across the cell memrane