Term
| The Cell Theory contains 3 ideas. List the 3 ideas. |
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Definition
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. All cells come from other cells. (cells reproduce cells)
3. Cellular structure determines function. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
-typically small
-LACK A NUCLEUS
-found in unicellular organisms (bacteria) |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
-CONTAIN a NUCLEUS
-have organelles such as mitochondria and golgi bodies
-found in both unicellular (protist) and multicellular (animals/plants) organisms |
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Term
| What molecules make up the structure of a cell membrane? |
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Definition
Mostly:
-lipids arranged in a phospholipid bilayer
-proteins embedded in the lipid layer |
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Term
| What is a phospholipid bilayer? |
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Definition
| A double layer of lipids where the heads face outward and the tails face inward. Creates a barrier between water environments. |
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Term
| What function do proteins serve in cell membranes? |
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Definition
| Proteins allow passage ways for larger molecules to pass through cell membranes. They are involved in both facilitated diffusion and active transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance from an area where there is a high concentration to an area where there is a low concentration. (A skunk smell will difuse from the skunk outward to where you stand). This process does NOT require a cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmosis is the "diffusion" of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration ACROSS a membrane. |
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Term
| There is a beaker of pure water (100%). Inside is a cell whose internal fluids are only 80% water. What will happen? Describe using appropriate vocabulary. |
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Definition
| The water is considered hypertonic while inside the cell is hypotonic. Therefore the water will move INTO the cell (from high to low) causing the cell to swell and possibly rupture. |
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Term
| You recieve an IV of "fluids" in the ER. These fluids enter your bloodstream and are in contact with your cells. The fluids move into your cells and your cellular fluids move out. What does this tell you about the tonicity of the IV? |
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Definition
| It is the same (isotonic) as your cells. Therefore water will move in and out of cells at approximately the same rate. The cells will NOT swell or shrink. |
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Term
| You are trapped in a raft in the ocean. Why can't you drink the sea water? |
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Definition
| The sea water is hypotonic (lower water % bc it is high is salt) while your cells are hypertonic (higher water %). This will cause water to actually LEAVE your cells= dehydration |
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Term
| What is passive transport? |
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Definition
| Movement via diffusion or osmosis that does NOT require the cell to expend energy to "pump" the material across a membrane. |
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Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| When a molecule is too big to move across a phopholipid bilayer (cell membrane) because it won't fit between the lipids, it will move through a protein channel. This is like walking through a door into your house. You are too big to pass through the holes in a screen. Facilitated diffusion does NOT require the cell to expend energy. |
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Term
| What is active transport? |
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Definition
| The cell must spend energy (ATP) to actually pump or open a channel (a specialized protein) to move a substance into or out of a cell. Think opening a bridge on a river to let boats through. This can be used to move substances agains the concentration gradient. (from a LOW concentration to HIGH) |
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Term
| What are the two hypotheses about where/how life began on Earth? |
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Definition
1. At the bottom of the ocean near vents. The heat and nutrients potentially created early cells.
2. In shallow waters where sunlight was the energy source and organic compounds became pre-cells. |
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Term
| What are the 3 domains of life and what types of organisms are found in each domain? |
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Definition
1. Eubacteria- unicellular bacteria, these are commonly found bacteria, cells are prokaryotic
2. Archaebacteria- these bacteria are found only in extreme environments (sulphur pots, hydrothermal vents, salty, cold), the cells are prokaryotic. Do NOT cause infections.
3. Eukarya- these cells are all eukaryotic and make up the animals, plants, protists, and fungi kingdoms |
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Term
| What features are used to classify prokaryotes? |
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Definition
1. Cell wall structure
2. Shape (cocci, bacillus, etc.)
3. Movement (can they? how?) |
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Term
| Compare and contrast Archaea and Bacteria domains: |
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Definition
Same: unicellular, prokaryotic, small, shape, reproduce via binary fission, movement
Different: Cell wall structure, environments they live in, genetic differences, Archaea are believed to be evolutionarily older. |
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Term
| How do prokaryotes reproduced? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes most common form of reproduction is binary fission. |
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Term
| How do prokaryotes gain genetic diversity if they do not reproduce sexuall? |
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Definition
| They undergo conjugation and "swap" DNA, they can also "absorb" DNA from their environment. |
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Term
| Why are cyanobacteria crucial to the ecosystem and food cycles? |
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Definition
| They are one of the major sources of photosynthesis. They make up a huge portion of the autotroph level. They can also be used for bioremediation (cleaning up things like oil spills) |
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Term
| How are the cells of Archaea different from Eubacteria? |
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Definition
| Archaea do NOT contain the carbohydrate peptidoglycan in their cell walls. |
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Term
| What are some of the benefits to humans of prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Many serve as "recyclers" or "photosynthesizers" in the ecosystem. |
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Term
| How do prokaryotes serve as recyclers in the ecosystem? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes move carbon and oxygen back and forth between the environment through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Some also help move nitrogen via nitrogen fixation, etc. |
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Term
| Name 2 ways bacteria cause illness: |
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Definition
1. They secrete toxins that kill or damage cells
2. Reproduce so quickly that they overtake/stress the defense/immune system |
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Term
| How can we defends against bacterial infection? |
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Definition
1. Wash hands and don't touch eyes, nose, mouth
2. Wash and prepare (cook) food properly
3. Stay home when ill |
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Term
| Describe the physical structure of a virus: |
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Definition
| A virus is a simple DNA or RNA molecule surrounded by a protein capsule/coat. NO nucleus or other organelles. |
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Term
| Describe the 2 ways viruses reproduce: |
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Definition
Lysogenic: The viruse invades the host and inserts its genetic material into host cell DNA. When host reproduces cell, it creates new cells that contain virus parts. This can continue for years, cause more and more cells to to contain viral DNA until a trigger causes the cells to create proteins using the viral DNA as instructions. This converts it to the
2. Lytic cycle: where virus parts are produced and assembled by the host cell until the cell actually ruptures. This releases active viral cells where the cycle can start over. |
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Term
| How do viruses cause disease? |
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Definition
-cause cell lysosomes to rupture and destroy their own cell
-cause cells to create toxins
-contain toxic proteins on their protein coat |
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Term
| How do humans defend against viral diseases? |
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Definition
-vaccines
-develop immunity/resistance after a previous infection
-wash hands and food |
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Term
| What shapes to carbon skeletons form? |
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Definition
-rings
-chains
-branched chains |
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Term
| What is a functional group? |
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Definition
| A group of atoms that are attached to a carbon chain that give the entire compound specific characteristics. EX: Some functional groups are hydrophobic, others hydrophylic |
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Term
| How do carbon skeletons store energy? |
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Definition
| Carbon skeletons are hydrocarbons, made of Carbons bonded Hydrogen atoms. This creates a large number of bonds in a small space. Each bond is a storage of potential energy. The more bonds= more energy. Carbon is excellent for this because each Carbon atom can form 4 bonds (1 for each valence electron) |
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Term
| What is a dehydration reaction? |
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Definition
| A chemical reaction where monomers or smaller compounds are bonded together to form a polymer. Water is released during this process (dehydration) |
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Term
| What is a hydrolysis reaction? |
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Definition
| A reaction where water is added to a compound which then separates a polymer (large compound) into a smaller compound (monomer) |
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Term
| What is the relationship between monosaccharides and polysaccharides. |
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Definition
| Both are in the carbohydrate category of molecules. Monosaccharides are the monomer which are linked together to form the polysaccharide, a polymer. A polysaccharide is a more complex carbohydrate that stores more energy. They must be broken down into monomers for energy use. |
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Term
| What properties are characteristic of lipids? |
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Definition
-they are hydrophobic, repeal water and do not dissolve in water
-store high amounts of energy in their bonds
-have a gycerol base with fatty acid "tails"
-can be saturated or unsaturated |
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Term
| Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats/lipids |
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Definition
Saturated:
-have fatty acid "tails" with all single bonds
-found in animal products (butter, lard, dairy)
-solid at room temperature
UNsaturated:
-"tails" contain at least one double bond
-typically found from plant products (vegetable oil, coconut oil)
-liquid and room temperature |
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Term
| How are steroids different from other lipids? |
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Definition
| They are in a ring shape...their carbon skeleton is not a chain |
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Term
| What is the function of sterioids? |
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Definition
| They serve as chemical messengers that tell the body/cells to perform specific chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. This is what makes plant cells "stiff". It is the "strings" in celery. It is also the specific carbohydrate that herbivores can digest that many other organisms cannot. Without cellulose, plants could grow tall because their cells couldn't stack. High in energy if you can digest them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific type of lipid, a steroid |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the animal version of starch. It is how animals store sugars as a polysaccharide. |
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Term
| What is an organic molecule? |
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Definition
| A molecule that contains a carbon backbone. |
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Term
| What is an inorganic molecule? |
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Definition
| Molecules lacking a carbon backbone structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| rod shaped (like oval pill) bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between Gram + and Gram - |
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Definition
| It is a test used on bacteria, it will show up as a dyed cell either purple or pink. The color is determined based on the structure of the cell wall. Used to identify bacterial types. |
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