CELL

Basic Structural and

Functional Unit of Life

UNICELLULAR

1 CELL

MULTICELLULAR

More than 1 cell

 HOOKE

First man to see dead cells

VANLEEWENHOEK

First man to see living cells

CELL THEORY

• All living things are made of cells
• Basic structural and functional unit of life is the cell
• Cells come only from other cells

As a cell grows, their _____ increases at a greater rate than their _______ ______.

Volume, surface area

ORGANELLES

Cell part that performs a specific function

2 main types of cells

Eukaryote: with nucleus (skin cell)

Prokaryote: no nucleus (bacteria)

CELL MEMBRANE

S: Phoshpholipid bylayer w/ proteins embeded in it.

F:Gives cell shape and flexibility

   Proteins act as bussers(push fat cells through)

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

Only lets certain things in

CYTOPLASM

S: Jelly-like material made of water, salt, and organic molecules.

F: To hold organelles in place

NUCLEUS

S: Large, centrally located, has membrane around it(nuclear envelope)

F: Cell reproduction, Heredity(DNA), Makes Rhyzomes(nucleolus), Makes protein(RNA)

MITOCHONDRIA

S: Double membraned with its own DNA

F: Powerhouse of Cell

    -Makes ATP(energy source)

RIBOSOMES

S: Round protein and RNA organelles

F: Make protein

    -Stays in cell: Free Floaters

    -Out of cell: Attached

ER (endoplasmic Reticulum)

S: Membranous folded sacs and tunnels

    -Rough ER: Has ribosomes

    -Smooth ER: No ribosomes

F: "Highway of cell"

    -Smooth: stores

    -Rough: out puts things

GOLGI APPARATUS

S: Stack of membranes in a convex shape

F: "Processing, packaging, and secreting factory" -Puts proteins in a new package

LYSOSOMES

S: Small, round, and enzyme filled

F: Garbage disposal, breaks down cellular waste

CYTOSKELETON

S: Network of Protein strands

F: Microtubules: Move Chromosomes

    Microfilaments: Move organelles

SPECIAL STRUCTURES

Cilia

Flagella

CILIA

Little hairs around membrane

that help cells move

FLAGELLA

Tail that acts as a propellar

3 EXTRA ORGANELLES IN PLANTS THAT OTHER CELLS DONT HAVE

• Cell wall      
• Vacuole       
• Chloroplasts

CELL WALL

S: Rigid outside of a plant cell made mostly of cellulose

F: Strengthen and support the plant

MIDDLE LAMELLA

Jellylike material inbetween cell walls

VACUOLE

Fluid filled organelle that

stores water and waste

CHLOROPLASTS

S: Double membraned organelles with own DNA

F: Absorb sunlight

CELL LEVELS

1. Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life(Cardiac Muscle cells)
2. Tissue: Group of cells working together(Muscle tissue)
3. Organ:Group of tissue working together(heart)
4. Organ system: Group of organs working together(cardiovascular system)
5. Organism: Group of organ systems working together(human)
   

GOAL OF A CELL

To reach homeostasis

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Movement of a substance across a membrane requiring no energy.

-High to low concentration

DIFFUSION(passive)

OSMOSIS(passive)

Movement of water across a

membrane from High to low concentration

• Hypotonic Environment
• Hypertonic Envoronment
• Isotomic Environment

HYPOTONIC ENVIRONMENTS

HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENTS

ISOTOMIC ENVIRONMENTS

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

 Movement of molecules across cell membrane with the help of busser proteins -High to Low concentration

ION CHANNEL

Passage way in membrane that

allows the ions through

IONS

Any atom with a charge

-ex: Na+

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Movement if a substance acoss cell membrane from low to high concentration requiring energy.

CELL MEMBRANE PUMP(active)

Bussers push molecules across membrane (Low to High)

ENDOCYTOSIS(active)

Process where cells ingest molecules.

• Pinocytosis: Taking in liquids  
• Phagocytosis: Taking in solids

EXOCYTOSIS(active)

Prpcess where cells expell molecules

How many human cells

5-10 trillion

How cells reproduce

Cells just divide

Begins with Nucleus' DNA

CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE

When cells are not dividing, DNA is loose and stringy

When a cell wants to divide, chromatin turns to chromosomes

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS#

Each species has a certain number of cromosomes per cell (ex:humans=46)

HOMOLOGUS PAIRS

Two chromosomes that look the same (twins)

DIPLOID CELL

Cell that has two chromosomes in every pair-All chromosomes are there.

HAPLOID

Cell with one chromosome of each pair (ex:sperm and egg)

MITOSIS

MITOSIS PROCESS

• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis

INTERPHASE(mitosis)

• Cells grow
• DNA is copied
• Most of cells life

PROPHASE(mitosis)

• Chromatin and Chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope and nucleus disappear
• Centrosomes appear and move to poles
• Spindle fibers appear

METAPHASE(mitosis)

• Chromosomes line up in the middle

ANAPHASE(mitosis)

• Chromatids separate to the poles

TELOPHASE(mitosis)

• Chromatids duplicate
• Spindle fibers + centrosomes disappear
• Chromosomes turn back to chromatin
• Nucleolus + nuclear envelope reappear

CYTOKINESIS(mitosis)

• Cells break appart

MEIOSIS

Cell reproduction that results in daughter cells with HALF the quantity and quality of Chromosomes

Only cells that do that are sperm and egg

(see hand out)

TETRAD

Homolegus pairs of chromosomes

twisted together