Term
| What is the composition of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| 90% neocortex, 10% allocortex |
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Term
| What is the name of the first layer of neocortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| The second layer of the neocortex is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The third layer of the neocortex is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the fourth layer of neocrotex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the fifth layer of neocortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sixth layer of the neocortex is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What areas of the neocortex show the greatest contrast in distribution and what are these layers referred as? |
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Definition
| Primary motor and primary sensory areas, heterotypical |
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Term
| Primary motor cortex (agranular cortex) is dominated by what type of neuronal projections? |
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Definition
| Pyramidal projection neurons |
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Term
| Primary sensory cortex (granular cortex) contain generally what types of cells? |
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Definition
| Smaller cells, particularly stellate cells |
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Term
| Pyramidal neurons are found in which layers of the neocortex? |
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Definition
| All layers except layer I, prominent in layers II, III, and V |
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Term
| Giant pyramidal neurons of Betz are found what portion of neocortex? |
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Definition
| Only in motor cortex in layer V |
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Term
| What neurons in the neocortex are referred to as intrinsic neurons? |
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Definition
| Stellate neurons, chandelier cells, basket cells, cells of martinotti |
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Term
| Where are stellate neurons most numerous in the neocortex? |
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Definition
| Layer IV, receive thalamocortical projections |
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Term
| What type of neurons are spiny stellate neurons as opposed to aspiny stellate neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are chandelier cells most numerous in the neocortex? |
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Definition
| Layer III, as dendrites in layer IV |
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Term
| Where are basket cells most numerous in the neocortex? |
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Definition
| As dendrites in layers III and V |
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Term
| Where are cells of martinotti found in the cortex |
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Definition
| As multipolar neurons in deeper layers with axons that project superficially |
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Term
| Long association fibers connect what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Short association fibers connect what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Interhemespheric callosal fibers connect what? |
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Definition
| Left and right hemispheres (corpus callosum), temporal poles (anterior commissure) |
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Term
| Local intrinsic neurons connect what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Corticofugal axons travel to what portions of the brain? |
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Definition
| Subcortical areas, brainstem, spinal cord |
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Term
| Corticopetal axons connect what? |
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Definition
| Thalamus to layer IV (some III and IV) |
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Term
| How many cytoarchitectural areas (Brodmann areas) exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary motor cortex is found in what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| Premotor and supplementary motor cortex are found in what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary somatosensory cortex is found in what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary visual cortex is found in what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general function of the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major functional components of the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
| Primary motor cortex, supplemental motor cortex, frontal eye fields, prefrtonal cortex |
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Term
| What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes? What separates it from the temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| Central sulcus and lateral fissure |
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Term
| What are the primary gyri of the frontal lobes? |
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Definition
| Precentral (primary motor), superior, middle, and inferior gyri |
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Term
| The precentral gyri continues with the longitudinal fissure to become what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior frontal gyris continues medially to what structure to become what? |
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Definition
| Cingulate sulcus, medial frontal gyrus |
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Term
| The paracentral lobule is the medial extension of what structures? What type of functional areas does it contain? |
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Definition
| Pre and post-central gyri, primary motor and primary sensory |
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Term
| Brodmann area 4 is also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the precentral gyrus somatotopically organized? |
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Definition
| Areas that represent the legs are located in the anterior precentral gyrus, trunk, hand, head, and tongue are represented more inferiorly and laterally |
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Term
| Where are the supplementary and premotor areas (Brodmann area 6) related to the planning of motor activities located? |
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Definition
| In front of precentral gyrus |
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Term
| Where are the frontal eye fields area (Brodmann area 8) associated with conscious control of eye movement located? |
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Definition
| Anterior to premotor cortex (Brdomann area 6) |
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Term
| What are the three primary segments of the inferior frontal gyrus? |
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Definition
| Pars opercularis, pars trangularis, pars orbitalis |
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Term
| The pars trangularis and pars opercularis collectively form what section of the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
| Broca's area (Brodmann area 45 and 44) |
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Term
| What is the function of Broca's area (pars trangularis and pars opercularis)? |
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Definition
| Motor area for speech in the dominant hemisphere |
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Term
| The prefrontal cortex is a multimodal area associated with what functions? |
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Definition
| Judgement, foresight, purpose, responsibility, social propriety |
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Term
| What functions are performed by the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
| Primary somatosensory cortex and sensory association areas including portions dedicated to understanding spoken and written language |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the parietal lobes? |
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Definition
| Posterior to the central sulcus, anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus tot he preoccipital notch, above the lateral fissure |
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Term
| What lays in between the posterior part of the paracentral lobule and the parieto-occipital sulcus within the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
| Primary somatosensory cortex, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule with supramarginal and angular gyri |
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Term
| Where is the postcentral gyrus located? |
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Definition
| Behind the central sulcus and anterior to the postcentral sulcus |
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Term
| What is contained within the postcentral gyrus? |
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Definition
| Primary somatosensory cortex and posterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the hemisphere |
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Term
| The primary somatosensory cortex makes up what Brodmann areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the postcentral gyrus somatotopically organized? |
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Definition
| Sensory areas from the genitals, foot, and leg on medial hemisphere, tongue is most lateral |
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Term
| Neurons in the postcentral gyrus respond to what type of specific stimuli? |
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Definition
| Discriminative touch, vibration, position, pain, and temperature |
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Term
| Where is the secondary somatosensory cortex located? |
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Definition
| Medial surface of the parietal operculum |
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Term
| What is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex? |
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Definition
| Contains additional sensory somatotopic map but is somewhat more crude |
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Term
| Secondary somatosensory cortex areas project to what part of the brain in order to perform what function? |
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Definition
| Insular cortex for memory of tactile stimuli |
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Term
| The insula is surrounded by the borders of what? |
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Definition
| Lateral fissure/circular sulcus |
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Term
| The anterior insula may additionally have what function? |
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Definition
| Aide in coordination of articulatory movements necessary for speech |
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Term
| What separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior parietal lobule is considered what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior parietal lobule has what kind of functionality? |
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Definition
| Integrates somatosensory input from multiple modalities used in motor planning such as kinesthetics, hand eye coordintion, etc. |
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Term
| The inferior parietal lobule is considered what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brodmann areas 39 and 40 correspond to what gyri of the inferior parietal lobule? |
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Definition
| Angular and supramarginal gyri respectively |
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Term
| What is the function of the angular gyrus within the inferior parietal lobule? |
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Definition
| Comprehension of written language in the dominant hemisphere |
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Term
| What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus within the inferior parietal lobule alongside the posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area)? |
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Definition
| Comprehension of spoken language |
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Term
| What is the function of the inferior parietal lobule in the nondominant hemisphere? |
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Definition
| Modulates attention to stimuli both on the body and in the visual field (perceptual awareness) |
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Term
| Lesions to the inferior parietal lobule in the nondominant hemisphere result in what? |
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Definition
| Hemineglect syndrome - failure to recognize the left side of the body as self |
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Term
| The occipital lobe is associated with what function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| Primary visual cortex, extrastriate cortex (visual association) |
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Term
| What divides the medial occipital lobe into the cuneus above and lingual gyrus below? |
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Definition
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Term
| The extrastriate cortex is considered what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| The extrastriate cortex is involved with what functions? |
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Definition
| Processing of visual data leading to perception of motion, depth, color, and position of an object |
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Term
| The primary visual cortex is known as what Brodmann area? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the primary visual cortex located? |
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Definition
| Medial side of occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine sulcus |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| Integrative sensory, some memory, auditory, olfactory |
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Term
| What are the components of the temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| Primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area, limbic areas including the hippocampus |
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Term
| What are the names of the gyri on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe? |
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Definition
| Superior, middle and inferior gyri separated by the superior and inferior temporal sulci |
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Term
| The primary auditory cortex is found in what Brodmann areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| The limbic lobe has what function? |
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Definition
| Primary processor of memory |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the limbic lobe? |
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Definition
| Subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, primary olfactory cortex, multimodal association cortex linked to memory |
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Term
| What separates the limbic lobe from the anterior and dorsal structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What separates the corpus callosum from the limbic lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cingulate gyrus continues as what in the limbic lobe? |
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Definition
| Parahippocampal gyrus which is just above the hippocampus |
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Term
| What separates the parahippocampal gyrus fromt he occipitotemporal gyri? |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior regions of the parahippocampal gyrus contain what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What circuits are necessary for the incorporation of short term memory to long term memory? |
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Definition
| Extensive interconnections between the cingulate gyrus and the hyppocampal formation and adjacent areas of the parahippocampal gyrus |
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