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| science of body functions |
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| like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study to individual cellular structures |
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| study of anatomical changes due to disease |
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chemical
-atomic
-molecular
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organism |
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| six important life processes |
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metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction |
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| all parts of body must be functioning together in a process called |
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| (balance) in the body's internal environment. it is a dynamic vondition meant to keep body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life |
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| control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by stressors that create imbalance in the extracellular fluid (ECF) such as: |
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-physical insults: such as intense heat or lack of oxygen
-changes in the internal environment: such as a drop in blood glucose due to lack of food
-physiological stress: such as demands of work or school. |
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| feedback system has three basic compenents: |
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-receptor(structure that senses change)
-integratror (control center)
-effector(structures that carry out commands of the control center) |
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| negative feedback systems |
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-reverses a change in a controlled condition
(regulation of blood pressure: force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of the blood vessels).
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| positive feedback systems |
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| strengthens or reinforces change in one of the body's controlled conditions(ex:normal child birth) |
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| -subject stands erect facing observer with the head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, arms at sides, palms forward. |
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-above, top, toward head
-below, bottom, away from head |
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| anterior(ventral)/posterior(dorsal) |
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| medial/lateral/intermediate |
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| toward the midline, away from midline, between medial and lateral |
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| nearest to orgin, farther from origin |
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| ipsilateral/contralateral |
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| same side of body/opposite side of body |
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| towards the surface/towards the core of the body |
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| pertaining to a covering over an organ/pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall |
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| divides the body into two equal, mirror-image halves. |
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| to the right and the left of the midsagittal that divide the body into the unequal "halves" |
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| frontal or coronal planes |
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| divides body into anterior and posterior portions |
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| divide body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions. |
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| pass through the body or organ at an angle. |
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