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| Genetics . deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms, constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladderlike arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine: the genetic information of DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate. Compare base pair, gene, genetic code, RNA. |
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any of certain carbohydrates derived from ribose by the replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom.
The sugar, HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2 CH 2 CHO, obtained from DNA by hydrolysis. |
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| the group or radical obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from phosphoric acid. |
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| the spiral arrangement of the two complementary strands of DNA. |
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| a type of chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom that has a covalent link with one of the electronegative atoms (F, N, O) forms an electrostatic link with another electronegative atom in the same or another molecule. |
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| constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds among the four purine and pyrimidine bases such that adenine pairs with thymine or uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine. |
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| a purine base, C 5 H 5 N 5 O, that is a fundamental constituent of DNA and RNA, in which it forms base pairs with cytosine. Symbol: G |
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| a pyrimidine base, C 5 H 6 N 2 O 2 , that is one of the principal components of DNA, in which it is paired with adenine. Symbol: T |
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| any of various enzymes that catalyze the unwinding and separation of double-stranded DNA or RNA during its replication |
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| any of a class of enzymes involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid from its deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors. |
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| Semi-Conservative Replication |
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| 1/2 the old and 1/2 the new DNA |
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| In DNA replication, the strand that is synthesized apparently in the 3' to 5' direction, but actually in the 5' to 3' direction by ligating short fragments synthesized individually. Strand of DNA being replicated discontinuously. See also leading strand. |
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| any of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA: composed of a phosphate group, the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, and a pentose sugar, in RNA the thymine base being replaced by uracil. |
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| Chemistry, Biochemistry . a nitrogen-containing organic compound that has the chemical properties of a base, especially a pyrimidine or purine: Four nitrogen bases are present in a DNA molecule. |
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| The standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing, such as thymine being paired with adenine and cytosine paired with guanine. |
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| Biochemistry . a purine base, C 5 H 5 N 5 , one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, as DNA, in which it forms a base pair with thymine, and RNA, in which it pairs with uracil. Symbol: A |
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| a pyrimidine base, C 4 H 5 N 3 O, that is one of the fundamental components of DNA and RNA, in which it forms a base pair with guanine. Symbol: C |
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| Genetics . the process by which double-stranded DNA makes copies of itself, each strand, as it separates, synthesizing a complementary strand. |
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| a Y-shaped part of a chromosome that is the site for DNA strand separation and then duplication |
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a. a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome.
b. an individual, species, or the like, resulting from such a departure. |
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| any of various proteins, as pepsin, originating from living cells and capable of producing certain chemical changes in organic substances by catalytic action, as in digestion. |
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| Strand of DNA being replicated continuously. In DNA replication, the strand that is made in the 5' to 3' direction by continuous polymerization at the 3' growing tip. |
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