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| state senator of New York 1842-1924 |
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| use of one's job to gain profit;a major source of income for political machines |
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| Robber Baron/Captain of Industry |
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Terms used to describe the powerful industrialists who established large businesses in the late 1800's.
Robber baron: implies that the business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public. Draining the country's of its natural resources & persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor. All the while, they ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin, paying their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous & unhealthful conditions.
Captains of industry: business leaders serving their nation in a positive way. They increase the supply of goods by building factories, raising productivity, and expanding makrets. They also created jobs that enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living. They established outstanding museums, libraries, & universities. |
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| Born in Scotland in 1835, He immigrated to the United States in 2848 settlilng near Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. At 12 he found work in a cotton mill at $1.20 a week. Worked in the steel business and became a major public figure. He believed that people should be free to make as much money as they can and then give most of it away. More than 80% of his fortune went to education. |
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| Banker- JP Morgan created the U.S. Steel Corp. in 1901, it controlled about 60% of the steel business. By 1930 it grew a lot. |
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| He formed the Standard Oil Company in 1870. He was a giver to charities and instutions that he felt would benefit humanity. His philanthropy help found University of Chicago and the Rockfeller Foundation which gave aid to institutions working in the fields of public health, arts, social research, & many more. |
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| Horizontal Integration (Consolidation) |
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| The process of bringing together many firms in the same business to form one large company. |
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| Vertical Integration (Consolidation) |
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| Process of gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a prodcut's development. |
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| a group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board |
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| law passed by Congress in 1890 that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce |
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| A national union that was formed in Philadelphia in 1869. They hoped to organized all working men and women, skilled and unskilled, into a single union. Membership included farmers and factory workes as well as shopkeepers and office workers. They pursued broad social reforms that included equal pay for equal work, eight hour workday, and ending child labor. By the late 1890's the Knights had disappeared as a national force. |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| A third national union formed in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, a London-born cigar maker. The AFL was a craft union. They sought to only organize skilled workers in a network of samller unions each devoeted to a specific craft. The AFL tried to force employers to participate in collective bargaining, a process in which workers negotiated as a group with employers. The AFL pressed for a "closed shop", a workplace in which only union members would be hired. |
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| May 1, 1886 groups of workers mounted a national demonstration for an eight hour workday. "Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we well" |
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| A reaction to contract negotiations @ Carnegie Steel during the summer of 1892. Henry Frick was in charge of negotiations. He tried to cut wates ending with the workers striking. Frisk hired the Pinkertons in hopes of defeating the union. The union called off the strike on November 20th. |
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| 1894 railway workers strike that spread nationwide. |
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| a tenement building that narrowed in the middle, forming airshafts on either side, and allowed light and air into the room. |
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| area in which one ethenic or racial group dominates. |
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| A work stoppage intended to force an employer to meet certain demands, as in the demand for higher wages. |
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| A negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers. |
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| way of producing in which different tasks are proformed by different persons. |
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| 10 million immigrants arrived between 1865 and 1890. Mostly from northwestern and central European Countries. About 2.8 million from Germany, 1.8 million from Great Britain and nearly 1.4 million from Ireland. |
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| New immigrants from countries of central, southern and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Between 1890 and 1920 about 10 million Italians, Greeks, Slavs, Jews and Armenians arrived. About 3.8 million from Italy alone another 3.8 million Jews from Russia. |
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| A social reform movement that development within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society. |
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| Community center organized to provide various services to the urban poor. |
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| First "settlement house" in U.S. called Hull House (in Chicago). 1889 opened its doors to immigrant neighbors. Soon began anticipating and responding to needs of community as a whole. Became center of community activity. Could attend cultural events, take classes, or display exhibits. Setup child care centers, playgrounds, clubs, summer camp. Help people find jobs, deal with legal problems and health care clinics. These actions laid the foundation for many later reforms. |
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| A policy of favoring native born Americans over immigrants. |
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