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Ch.15
Airway and Ventilation
104
Other
Not Applicable
09/22/2012

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Term
Open
Definition
Patent
p712
Term
It brings in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
Definition
Respiratory System
p712
Term
The primary waste product of oxygen metabolism.
Definition
Carbon Dioxide
p712
Term
How long can the brain survive without oxygen?
Definition
6 minutes or so.
p712
Term
What are among the most crucial skills for a paramedic?
Definition
Basic airway management techniques, BLS before ALS.
p712
Term
What kind of airway management approach should be performed in the field?
Definition
"Basic-to-Advance" approach
p712
Term
In what order should airway techniques be preformed?
Definition
Opening and maintaing a patent airway, recognizing and treating airway obstructions, assessing a patients ventilation and oxygen status, administering supplemental oxygen, and providing ventilatory assistance.
p712
Term
The diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory muscles of breathing, and the nerves from the brain and spinal cord to these muscles are structures that help what?
Definition
Structures that help us breath
p712
Term
The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Definition
Ventilation
p712
Term
What is responsible for the regular rise and fall of the chest that accompany normal breathing?
Definition
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
p712
Term
Consists of all anatomic structures above the level of the vocal cords-the nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity, and pharynx(throat).
Definition
The upper airway
p712
Term
What is considered the point of division between the upper and lower airways?
Definition
The Larynx
p712
Term
What is the major function of the upper airway?
Definition
To warm,filter,and humidify air as it enters the body through the nose and mouth.
p712
Term
What function is accomplished by as the air picks up moisture from the soft tissues of the airway?
Definition
Humidification
p713
Term
A muscular tube that extends from the nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea.
Definition
Pharynx
p713
Term
The _________ is composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.
Definition
Pharynx
p713
Term
The hypopharynx is also called?
Definition
Laryngopharynx
p713
Term
The ___________ is the lowest portion of the pharynx; it opens into the larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly.
Definition
Larynx
p713
Term
On inhalation, air normally enters the body through the nose and passes into the ______, which is formed by the union of the facial bones.
Definition
Nasopharynx
p713
Term
What keeps out dust and other small particles out of the respiratory tract?
Definition
Ciliated mucous membrane
p713
Term
Three bony shelves, called _______, protrude from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and extend into the nasal passageway, parallel to the nasal floor.
Definition
Turbinates
p713
Term
The ________ increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, thereby improving the processes of warming, filtering, and humidification of inhaled air.
Definition
Turbinates
p713
Term
A rigid partition of the ethmoid and vomer bones and cartilage.
Definition
Nasal septum
p713
Term
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
Frontal and maxillary sinuses
p713
Term
Which sinuses prevent contaminates from entering the respiratory tract and act as tributaries for fluid to and from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts?
Definition
Paranasal sinuses(frontal and maxillary sinuses)
p713
Term
CSF leaking from the nose.
Definition
Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea
p713
Term
CSF leaking from the ears.
Definition
Cerebrospinal otorrhea
p713
Term
What could cause CSF to leak from the nose or ears?
Definition
Fractures of the bones that comprise the sinuses.
p713
Term
CSF may drain down the posterior nasopharynx down the pt's throat, causing what?
Definition
A salty taste in the mouth.
p714
Term
The ___________ forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity.
Definition
Oropharynx
p714
Term
Bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue.
Definition
Oropharynx
p714
Term
How many teeth do adults have?
Definition
32
p714
Term
The entry of fluids or solids into the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Definition
Aspiration
p714
Term
A small, horseshoe shaped bone to which the jaw, epiglottis, and thyroid cartilage attach. Also the tongue.
Definition
Hyoid bone
p714
Term
The ________ is a large muscle attached to the mandible and the hyoid bone.
Definition
The tongue
p714
Term
From an airway perspective, the most important anatomic consideration regarding the ___________ is its tendency to fall back and occlude the posterior pharynx when the mandible relaxes.
Definition
Tongue
p714
Term
What is the most common cause of anatomic upper airway obstruction?
Definition
Tongue
p714
Term
The _________ forms the roof of the mouth and separates the oropharynx and nasopharynx.
Definition
Palate
p714
Term
The anterior portion of the palate, which is formed by the maxilla and palatine bones is called?
Definition
Hard palate
p714
Term
Which palate is posterior to the hard palate?
Definition
Soft palate
p714
Term
The ____________, the posterior border of the oral cavity, is an extension of the soft palate.
Definition
Palatoglossal arch
p714
Term
A soft tissue structure that resembles a punching bag, it extends into the palatoglossal arch at the base of the tongue in the posterior aspect of the oral cavity.
Definition
Uvula
p714
Term
The entrance to the throat, or pharynx.
Definition
Palatopharyngeal arch
p714
Term
Paired lymphatic tissues that lie on the lateral walls of the palatoglossal arch and anterior to the palatopharyngeal arch.
Definition
Palatine Tonsils
p715
Term
The pharyngeal tonsil, also know as _________, is located on the posterior nasopharyngeal wall.
Definition
Adenoid
p715
Term
The lingual tonsils are located where?
Definition
base of the tongue
p715
Term
What is the function of the lower airway?
Definition
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
p715
Term
Externally, where does the lower airway extend to?
Definition
The 4th cervical vertebra to the xiphoid process.
p715
Term
Internally, where does the lower airway extend to?
Definition
Glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane.
p715
Term
A complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together.
Definition
Larynx
p715
Term
A shield shaped structure formed by 2 plates that join in "V" shape anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence known as the Adam's apple.
Definition
Thyroid Cartilage
p715
Term
Forms the lowest portion of the larynx; also called the the cricoid ring; the first ring of the trachea and the only upper airway structure that forms a complete ring.
Definition
Cricoid cartilage
p715
Term
A thin, superficial membrane located between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage that is relatively avascular and contains few nerves; the site for emergency surgical and nonsurgical access to the airway.
Definition
Cricothyroid Membrane
p715
Term
The space between the vocal cords and the narrowest portion of the adult airway.
Definition
Glottis(also called the glottic opening)
p715
Term
White bands of tough tissue that are the lateral borders of the glottis.
Definition
Vocal cords
p715
Term
A leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that closes over the trachea during swallowing.
Definition
Epiglottis
p715
Term
The attachment of the thyroid cartilage to the epiglottis.
Definition
Thyroepiglottic ligament
p715
Term
The ligament between the tongue and epiglottis. Epiglottis attached to the base of the tongue by ________.
Definition
Glossoepiglottic ligament
p715
Term
The ligament between the hyoid bone and the epiglottis.
Definition
Hyoepiglottic Ligament
p715
Term
States that the pressure of a gas is porportional to its volume.
Definition
Boyle's Law
p717
Term
States that the amount of a gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure of a gas over ther solution.
Definition
Henry's Law
p719
Term
A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs.
Definition
Hering-Breuer reflex
p720
Term
The amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
Definition
Inspiratory reserve
p720
Term
Is the anatomic space, or "pocket", is located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis.
Definition
Vallecula
p716
Term
Are pyramidlike cartilaginous structures that form the posterior attachment of the vocal cords; they are valuable guides for et intubation.
Definition
Arytenoid Cartilages
p716
Term
Are two pockets of tissue on the lateral borders of the larynx. Airway devices are occasionally inadvertently inserted into thes pockets, resulting in a tenting of the skin under the jaw.
Definition
Piriform Fossae
p716
Term
When the airway is stimulated(such as aspiration of forgien material or submersion incident), defensive reflexes cause a _______, spasmodic closure of the vocal cords, which seals off the airway.
Definition
Larynospasm
p716
Term
The conduit for all entry into the lungs; a tubular structure that is approx. 10-12 cm long and composed of a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings; also called the windpipe.
Definition
Trachea
p716
Term
The main branches of the trachea; subdivide into smaller bronchi and bronchioles that conduct air into and out of the lungs.
Definition
Bronchi
p716
Term
A ridge like projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurates into the right and left mainstem bronchi. Located approx.at the level of the sternal angle of Louis.
Definition
Carina
p716
Term
Mucous-producing cells found mainly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts.
Definition
Goblet Cells
p716
Term
Mucous-producing cells found mainly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts.
Definition
Goblet Cells
p716
Term
The point of entry of blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi into each lung.
Definition
Hilum
p716
Term
The thin membrane that covers the lungs. Outer
Definition
Visceral Pleura
p716
Term
Thin membrane that covers the chest cavity.
Definition
Parietal Pleura
p716
Term
The subdivision of smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli.
Definition
Bronchioles
p716
Term
Balloonlike clusters of single-layer air sacsthat are the functional site of for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
Definition
Alveoli
p716
Term
How does the exchange occur with oxygen and co2 in the lungs?
Definition
Occurs by simple diffusion between the alveoli and pulmonary cappillaries.
p716
Term
Collapse of the aveoli.
Definition
Atelectasis
p716
Term
The "active" muscular part of breathing.
Definition
Inhalation(also called inspiration)
p717
Term
States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Definition
Boyle's Law
p717
Term
During _______, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contact.
Definition
Inhalation
p717
Term
When the ______ contracts, it descends and enlarges the thoracic cage from top to bottom.
Definition
Diaphragm
p717
Term
When the _______ contract, they lift the ribs up and out.
Definition
Intercostal Muscles
p717
Term
Drawing of air into the lungs; air flow from a region of highr pressure(outside the body) to a region of lower pressure(The Lungs); occurs during normal unassisted breathing
Definition
Negative-Pressure Ventilation
p719
Term
The amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as the blood; measured in milimeters of mercury(mmHg) or torr.
Definition
Partial Pressure
p719
Term
A law of gas that states that the amount of a gas in a solution varies directly with the partial pressure of a gas over the solution.
Definition
Henry's Law
p719
Term
A portion of the medulla oblongota where the primary respiratory pacemaker is located.
Definition
Dorsal Respiratory Group
p721
Term
A portion of the medulla oblongota where the primary respiratory pacemaker is located.
Definition
Dorsal Respiratory Group
p721
Term
A portion of the medulla oblongota that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech.
Definition
Ventral Respiratory Group
p721
Term
The normal stimulus to breath; based on fluctuations in Paco2 and pH of th CSF.
Definition
Primary Respiratory Drive
p721
Term
The normal stimulus to breath; based on fluctuations in Paco2 and pH of th CSF.
Definition
Primary Respiratory Drive
p721
Term
Secondary control of breathing that stimulates breathing based on decreased Pao2 levels."Back-up system" to control breathing, with patients with end-stage COPD.
Definition
Hypoxic Drive
p721
Term
Secondary control of breathing that stimulates breathing based on decreased Pao2 levels."Back-up system" to control breathing, with patients with end-stage COPD.
Definition
Hypoxic Drive
p721
Term
Increased carbon dioxide content in arterial blood.
Definition
Hypercarbia
p727
Term
Bypassing of oxygen poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli.
Definition
Intrapulmonary Shunting
p727
Term
Positional dyspnea.
Definition
Orthopnea
p729
Term
Skin pulling between and around the ribs during inhalation; a sign of respiratory distress.
Definition
Retractions
Term
A drop in the systolic blood pressure of 10mmhg or more; commonly seen in patients with pericardial tamponade or sever asthma.
Definition
Pulsus Paradoxus
p730
Term
A drop in the systolic blood pressure of 10mmhg or more; commonly seen in patients with pericardial tamponade or sever asthma.
Definition
Pulsus Paradoxus
p730
Term
A high-pitched whistling sound that may be heard on inspiration,expiration, or both; indicates air movement through a constricted lower airway, as with asthma.
Definition
Wheezing
p732
Term
A continuous, low pitched sound; indicates mucus or fluid in the larger lower airways.(As in pulmonary edema and bronchitis)
Definition
Rhonchi
p732
Term
The breath sounds produced as fluid filled alveoli pop open under increasing inspiratory pressure; can be fine or coarse; formaly called rales.
Definition
Crackles
p732
Term
A high-pitched inspiratory sound representing air moving past an obstruction within or immediatley above the glottic opening.
Definition
Stridor
p732
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