Term
| What are the functions of the skeleton? |
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Definition
| Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, and Hematopoiesis (Blood Formation) |
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Term
| Bone tissue comes in two types. Compact bone and Spongy bone. What is a compact bone and spongy bone? |
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Definition
| A compact bone is hard and dense. A spongy bone is composed of small bony plates. |
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Term
| Spongy bone contain marrow, what are the two forms? |
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Definition
| Yellow and red bone marrow |
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Term
| Red bone marrow is found in the ends of 1.__________, in the bodies of the 2._________ and in the 3.__________. |
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Definition
1.Long bones
2.Vertebrae
3.Flat Bones |
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Term
| Red bone marrow is responsible for manufacturing 1._____,2._____,and 3.______. This is called Hematopoisesis. |
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Definition
1.RBC's
2.WBC's
3.Platelets |
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Term
| Hard, fibrous connective tissue membrane, that covers most of the outside of the bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Periosteum also merges with 1._______ and 2._______ and contains 3.________ that supply oxygen and nutrients to the bone cells keeping them alive. |
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Definition
1. tendons
2. ligaments
3.blood vessels
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Term
| There are two types of osseous (bony) tissue are involved in construction of the long bones of the extremities. What are the two types of Osseous? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1._______ shaft of the long bone, is hard and compact. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1.________ is spongelike and is covered by a shell of harder bone. Located at the end of the long bones. |
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Definition
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Term
The place where diaphysis and epiphysis meet is called the 1._____________.
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Definition
| 1.Epiphyseal growth plate |
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Term
| A large rounded project, usually for articulation with another bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| A large knoblike projection usually for muscle attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| A bone in the leg contains both condyles and tuberosities on both ends, what is that bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| A flat projection or area |
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Definition
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Term
| Any prominence or projection of bone is called a 1._________. A spine (spina) is a 2._________; a ridge or crest is a thin or 3.__________. |
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Definition
1.Bony process
2. Sharp process
3.Narrow process |
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Term
| A hole through which blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves pass. |
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Definition
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Term
| The points at which bones attach to each other are called 1.___________ or 2.____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 3 classification of joints, how are they classifed as? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 classification of joints are Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Diarthroses define them. |
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Definition
Synarthroses are immovable.
(bones in the skull)
Amphiarthroses are slightly movable.
(Articulation between the ribs and the spinal column)
Diarthroses are freely movable.
(hinge joints, ball and socket joints, Pivot joints) |
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Term
| This joints allows movement in only one plane, smiliar to the hinge of a door. |
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Definition
Hinge (ginglymus) joint
Examples.
jaw
(Also moves slightly from side to side.)
knee and ankle joints
(allows rotary movement aswell)
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Term
| This joint in which the rounded end of one bone moves within a cup-shaped depression in the other bone. |
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Definition
Ball and socket joint
examples.
Hip joint |
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Term
| This joint in which one bone pivots or turns within a bony or cartilaginous ring. |
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Definition
Pivot joint
Examples.
Atlas ( First cervical vertebra)
head rotating on the axis (second cervical vertebra) |
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Term
| 1.__________ are small, flat sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They help ease movement, while reducing friction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bursae are located around joints that are susceptible to pressure and trauma, such as the 1._______, 2._______,3._________, 4.________. |
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Definition
1.Knee
2.Shoulder
3.Elbow
4.Hip |
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Term
| Strong fibrous bands called __________ hold bones together. |
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Definition
Ligaments
Ligaments also support internal organs and other structures. |
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Term
| __________ is a type of connective tissue organized into a system of fibers. |
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Definition
cartilage.
Cartilage helps to also reduce friction in the joints and to distribute weight evenly |
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Term
| The skeleton has two divisions, what are those divisions? |
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Definition
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton |
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Term
| The 1.____________ contains the bones in the center or axis of the body. The 2.___________contains the bones of the extremities and appendages of the body |
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Definition
1.Axial Skeleton
2.Appendicular skeleton |
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Term
| What regions of the skeleton contain the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
Skull, Vertebral column, and the thoracic (rib) cage, make up the axial skeleton.
For more info check pg 174
Table 18-3 Divisions of the adult skeletal system |
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Term
| A newborns cranium has several membranes ( Soft Spots). These are called __________ and are located between the cranial bones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Permit the skull of the infant to change shape as it passes through the vaginal canal and allow growth of the infants head. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two 1.________ that fuse to create the upper jawbone. The lower jawbone, the 2._______, is the only movable facial bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of bone is also called floating bone. |
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Definition
Hyoid bone
located behind and below the mandible and directly above the larynx |
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Term
| Sinuses. There are four pairs of cavities or sinuses in the cranial bones that make the skull lighter and enhance vocal sounds. What are those four pairs of bones? |
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Definition
Frontal, Ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary
The sinuses are named for the bones in which they lie. |
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Term
| How many total bones are there in the adult skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bones are in the cranium and what are they? |
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Definition
2 Parietal
1 occipital
1 frontal
2 Temporal
1 Sphenoid
8 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull
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Term
| How many bones of the face and what are they? |
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Definition
2 Nasal
1 Vomer
2 Inferior Turbinates (in the nostrils)
2 Lacrimal (orbitals)
2 Zygomatic
2 palate
2 maxillae
1 mandible
14 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull |
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Term
| how many auditory ossicles are there in the ear? |
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Definition
1 pair malleus (hammer)
1 pair incus (anvil)
1 pair stapes (stirrup)
6 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull |
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Term
| The 1.______, or 2._______, holds the head, stiffens and supports the middle portion of the body and provides attachments for the ribs and pelvin bones |
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Definition
1. Vertebral column
2. Spine
The spine also protects the spinal cord, wich passes from the brain down through the bony rings that make up the spinal canal (Vertebral foramina). |
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Term
| In children the vertebral column consists of how many bones? |
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Definition
pg 176
Between 33-34 bones
As children go through the process of growth and development these bones fuse. The vertebral column of most adults consists of 26 bones.
Special considerations of the Vertebrae:Most people have 26 vertebrae. Individuals from certain cultural groups may have fewer---- 11% of african american women have 23 vertebrae, and 12% of alaska natives and native americans have 25.
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Term
Spine Abnormality
Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.
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Definition
Scoliosis
It occures most commmonly during adolescence and is mroe frequently found in girls than in boys. |
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Term
Spine Abnormality
"Sway back," is an exaggeration of the normal lumbar spine curve in the small of the back. |
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Definition
Lordosis
Assessment during routine health exams in children includes evaluation of the straightness of the spine or of abnormal curvatures of the spine. |
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Term
Spine Abnormality
"Widow's hump" or "Humpback," may occure in aging and is more commen in women. |
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Definition
Kyphosis
Kyphosis is often caused by osteoporosis |
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Term
| These disks act as shock absorbers during walking, jump, or falling. |
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Definition
Intervertebral disks
A "slipped" disk refers to an intervertebral disk that has shifted out of position.
A "ruptured" disk occures when pressure forces some less dense tissue sideways, causing a protrusions in the walls of the disk (like a squashed grape). |
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Term
| On each vertebra is an area where the ribs articulate with the vertebrae. This is a joint what is it? |
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Definition
Facet joint
These joints are lined with cartilage but may become misaligned. Many cases of back pain, particularly in the lower back, involve misalignment of these facet joints. |
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Term
| The front boundary of the upper part of the thorax is the ________ or breastbone, a flat, sword shaped bone in the middle of the chest opposite of the thoracic vertebrae in the back |
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Definition
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Term
| The sternum is made up of three sections. What are they? |
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Definition
Manubrium is at the top
The body of the sternum is in the middle
The xiphoid process projects out at the bottom |
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Term
| What regions of the skeleton contain the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
upper and lower extremities and the pelvic girdle.
The upper extremities include:
4 bones from the shoulder girdle
60 bones from the arms
The lower extremities include:
2 bones from the pelvic (hip) girdle
60 bones from the legs
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Term
| Both the radius and ulna are attached to the wrist bones to form the wrist joint. This arrangement of bones allows the palm to be turned how? |
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Definition
| Supination (forward) or pronation (backward) |
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Term
| The upper end of the femur, described as the head, is attached to the pelvic bone in a ball-and-socket joint, where its rounded head fits into a depression called? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a protrusion on the lower end of the tibia that can be felt on the medial side of the ankle. This is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pubic bones meet in front and are joined by a pad of cartilage; this juncture is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many tarsal bones are there in the foot and what are they? |
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Definition
1 Calcaneus
1 Talus
1 Navicular
1 Cuboid
3 Cuneiforms
7 total bones
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Term
| What are the functions of the muscles? |
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Definition
Body movement
blood circulation
&
heat production |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
Skeletal Muscles (movements of the skeleton,voluntary, heavily straited)
Smooth Muscles (involuntary motions inside body organs, nonstraited)
&
Cardiac Muscles (middle layer of the heart, propells blood through the blood vessels. Involuntary, lightly straited) |
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Term
| Each muscle is covered by a sheath of connective tissue called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ends of fascia lengthen into tough cords called? |
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Definition
| Tendons-Attach muscle to bones |
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Term
| Dome-shaped muscle that forms the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.It is also one of the most vital muscle in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ are located betweeen the ribs. when they contract, the thoracic cavity enlarges, both from side to side and from front to back. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the primary muscles for respiration?
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Definition
| Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles |
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Term
| 2 muscles of the body help with chewing. What are these muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone building cells are called? |
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Definition
Osteoblasts
&
Process by which bones become hardened, due to an increase in calcified tissue.
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Term
| Process by which bones become hardened, due to an increase in calcified tissue. |
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Definition
Ossification
&
is the formation of bone by osteoblasts
Ossification progresses from the middle of the shaft outward.
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Term
| The hardened, mature bone cell is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other cells, the ________, assists in the resorption (or reabsorption)(act of removal by absorption) or breakdown of bone. |
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Definition
Osteoclasts
This process allows bones to grow and change shape. Bones continue building up and resorbing throughout life. |
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Term
The following factors affect bone growth and maintenance:
Heredity
Nutrition
Exercise
Hormones
Explain them |
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Definition
Heredity:genes,genetic (inherited) tendencies
Nutrition:Protein, vitamins (A,D,C), and minerals(calcium, phosphorus)
Exercise:weight bearing (provides stress to strengthen bones)
Hormones: affect rate of bone growth, calcium metabolism, energy production, and overall maintenance |
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Term
| Lack of vitamin D causes a bone malformation in children called rickets, in adults, the disorder is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
Muscles need energy to move. The body uses stored glucose for fuel.
The body also breaks down fatty acids for fuel. This fuel is called? |
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Definition
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
When the body is cold , we shiver.
When the body needs to produce a great amount of heat in an emergency, the body produces the more violent action of _____________. |
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Definition
Total Body Chilling
Pg 183, Power Source, end of the first paragraph |
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Term
_________contractions do not increase the length of a muscle but do increase muscle tension.
Forexample, if you push againt an unmovable object or tense the muscles in your upper arm, your muscle tighten.
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Definition
Isometric contraction
Bedridden clights are encouraged to do isometric exercises, even if they cannot be out of bed |
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Term
_________ contractions shorten and thicken the muscle, causing movement.
Examples of exercises include swimming, jogglinh or bicycling |
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Definition
Isotonic contractions
A person in bed also can move the extremities and move about in bed to exercise the muscles |
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Term
This Abb. is a disease
DJT |
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Definition
| Degenerative joint disease |
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Term
| Increased mobility allows for increased independence. An adult ______ pattern, or manner of walking, develops between ages 3 and 5. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the total amount of motion that a joint is capable of. |
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Definition
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