cube shaped and nearly equal in length and width 

example:tarsals

thin and composed of 2 or more parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

example:cranial, ribs, sternum 

complex shapes (vertebrae, some facial bones)

Sutural or Wormian bones, Sesamoid bones

extra small bones located within sutures of some cranial bones; they are a type of irregular bone

Bones with a tendon; they are a type of irregular bone 

example:patella

Ribs, sternum, vertebral column

Bones of appendages and girdles (pectoral and pelvic)

Mesenchyme filled spaces between cranial bones in infants; will become sutures in adults 

includes frontal sinuses (sound chamber giving voice resonance)

Forms forehead, anterior part of cranium, roof of orbits, most anterior part of cranial floor

Form sides and roof of cranial cavity 

Posterior part of skull and base of cranium

contains foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and external occipital protuberance 

Middle part of base of skull

Sphenoid sinus (drain into nasal cavity)

Depression of sella turcica which houses pituitary gland

Orbit of eye 

Forms inferior sides of cranium and part of cranial floor

Contains zygomatic process which forms part of zygomatic arch 

Located between orbits(eye), principle supporting structure for nasal cavities

Includes superior and medial nasal conchae (allow for filtration and circulation of air)

Part of bridge of nose

cheekbones

Smallest bones of face, lie in orbit

Upper jaw

Articulates with every bone of face except mandible

Aveolar process contains sockets for teeth and Palantine process forms most of hard palate

Lower jaw, contains mental foramen

Forms posterior portion of hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity, and portion of floor of orbit 

triangular bone forming inferior and posterior part of nasal septum 

How many curves are in the vertebral column?

4 curves in adult

1 in fetus

Body

Vertebral arch--pedicles, lamina

vertebral foramen

Spinous process

Transverse process

Superior and inferior articular processes with facets 

Smaller with larger arches

Contain transverse foramen for vertebral artery and vein 

Include specialized atlas and axis for support and movement of the head

Contain articulating surfaces for the ribs (head and tubercle)

Long, pointed spinous process

Largest and strongest

Short and thick projections

Articulates with pelvic girdle

Fusion of 5 vertebrae

Contains sacral cornu and sacral hiatus, anterior and posterior sacral foramen

4 small vertebrae that articulate with sacrum 

Cartilaginous structures between vertebrae

Permit movement of vertebral column and absorb vertical shock 

Contain nucleus pulpous (soft puply elastic substance)

Breastbone

Consists of manumbrium, body, xiphoid process

Articulate with: thoracic vertebrae at head (superior and inferior facet and tubercle)

Connect to sternum by cartilage

Connect to last 2 thoracic vertebrae (T11, T12)

Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone 

Place of muscle attachment 

Clavicle and Scapula 

Collarbone

Acromial extermity articulates with acromion of scapula

Part of the pectoral girdle

Shoulder blade 

Glenoid cavity for articulation with head of humerus

Part of the pectoral girdle

Articulates with radius and ulna at capitulum and trochlea

Olecranon fossa recieves part of ulna 

Deltoid tuberosity for insertion of deltoid muscle

Part of upper extremities 

Olecranon forms elbow

Greek olnea meaning elbow and kranon meaning head

Medial bone of forearm

Part of upper extremities 

Radius

Thumb or lateral side of forearm

Part of upper extermities 

Carpals-8 bones

Metacarpals

Phalanges-bones of fingers 

Part of upper extremities 

8 bones

Trapezium, trapezoid, triqetrum, lunate, hamate, schapoid, capitate, pisiform 

3 bones fused together

     illium

     ischium(contatins obturator forament for blood vessels and nerves)

      pubis

Acetabulum for articulation with femur

Pubic symphysis (composed of fibrocartilage) for articulation of 2 pubic bones

Part of upper extremities 

Head for articulation with acetabulum

Thighbone

Condyles for articulation with tibia

Part of lower extremities 

Kneecap (sesamoid bone)

Part of lower extremities

Shinbone

Medial malleous forms part of ankle

Part of lower extremities

Distal end contains lateral malleous

Articulates with tibia and talus

Smaller fracture of lower end with injury to tibial articulation is Potts fracture

smaller fracture of lower end with injury to tibial articulation

Tarsals

     Talus is only bone that articulates with fibula and tibia

Metatarsals

Phalanges 

Longitudinal Arch

Transverse Arch 

Medial part-originates at calcaneus, rises to talus and descends through metatarsals 

Lateral part-begins at calcaneus, rises to cuboid and desceds to metatarsals

Travels from medial to lateral surfaces and formed by calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and base of posterior metatarsals 

Joint between bones

Synarthroses-permit no movement

Amphiarthoses-permit slight movement

Diarthroses-permit free movement

Fibrous Joins-fibrous tissue connects

Cartilaginous Joints-cartilage connects

Synovial Joints-synovial membrane lines joint cavity 

Articular surfaces of bones are connected by fibrous tissue that binds them firmly together

Movement:permits little to no movement 

Types:Sutures,Syndesomes, Interosseous Membrane 

Fibrous joint with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue 

Found only between bones of the skull

Example:coronal suture between parietal and frontal bones; frontal suture between frontal bones->ossifies by age 6 form synostosis (bony joint)

Means band or ligament 

Type of fibrous joint

Meditated by a ligament of dense irr C tissue, allows limited movement (amphiarthrosis)

Examples:

1. distal tibiofibular joint where the anterior tibiofibular ligament connects the tibia and fibia

2. distal radioulnar joint (dorsal radioulnar ligament) 

3. Gomphosis (peg fits into socket)-dentoaveolar joint where periodontal ligament connects root of tooth to its socket 

1. distal tibiofibular joint where the anterior tibiofibular ligament connects the tibia and fibia

2. distal radioulnar joint (dorsal radioulnar ligament) 

3. Gomphosis (peg fits into socket)-dentoaveolar joint where periodontal ligament connects root of tooth to its socket 

Type of fibrous joint

Sheet of irregular dense C tissue

Allows limited movement (amphrosis), they move as a unit

Locations:between radius and ulna; between tibia and fibula

Cartilage connects articular surfaces

Types: synchondrosis, symphasis

Type of cartilaginous joint

Connecting joint is hyaline cartilage

Movement:immovable (synarthsis)

Examples:

1.Joint between the first rib and manubrium of the sternum

2.Ephiphysial growth plate connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bones (Temporary->synostosis:bony joint)

Examples:

1.Joint between the first rib and manubrium of the sternum

2.Ephiphysial growth plate connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bones (Temporary->synostosis:bony joint)

Type of cartilaginous joint

The bones are connected by a board flat disc of fibrocartilage

The ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage

Movement:slightly movabel (ampharthrosis)

Location-all symphases occur in the midline of the body 

Examples:pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs,joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum 

Examples:pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs,joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum 

Freely movable joint in which a space(joint cavity) seperates articulating ends of bones 

Synovial Cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, articular disc(menisci), bursae

Separates articulating bones 

Covers surface of bones but does not bind together 

Surrounds diathrosis, encloses synovial cavity and unites articulating bones; composed of fibrous capsule (outer) and synovial membrane (inner)

Lubricates joint and supplies nourishment for articular cartilage as well as removing wastes 

Extracapsular ligaments-outside articular capsule 

Intracapsular ligaments-within articular capsule but excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of synovial membrane

Pad of fibrocartilage that may lie between articular surfaces of the bones, attached to capsule 

Allows bones of different shapes to fit snuggly; usually divides cavity into 2 separate spaces; maintain stability of joint 

Saclike-fluid filled sacs positioned to reduce friction in some joints; located where skin rubs over bone, between tendons and bones, muscles and bones, and ligaments and bone and within articular capsules 

Hinge, planar, pivot, ellipsodial (condyloid), saddle, ball-and-socket

Types of synovial joint

Spool shaped process fits into concave socket

Example: between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna at the elbow 

Type of synovial joint 

Gliding of articular surface of one bone over articular surface of another bone 

Example:between navicular and second and third cuniforms of the tarsas in the foot 

Type of synovial joint

Arch shaped process fits around peg-like process

Example: betwen head of radius and radial notch of ulna 

Type of synovial joint

Oval condyle fits into elliptical (oval) depression-between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist (carpus)

Type of synovial joint 

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the bone is like a rider in the saddle 

Example:trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb 

Type of synovial joint

Ball shaped process fits into concave socket

Example: head of femur and acetabulum of hipbone, head of humerous and glenoid cavity 

Contact and movement at a diarthrosis 

Strucuture or shape of articulating bones-determines how they fit together

Strength and tension of joint ligaments-components are tense only when joint is in certain position which restricts range of movement and directs movement of bones

Arrangement and tension of muscles-muscle tension reinforces restraint of ligaments 

Apposition of soft parts- limits mobility 

Hormones-may affect joint flexibility 

increase angle; extension of foot in plantar flexion

Moves body part away from midline 

Moves body part toward the midline 

Rotation, cicumduction, suplination, pronation

moving distal end of bone in a circle causing entire bone to describe surface of a cone; involves rotation, adduction, abduction, flexion, extension 

Rotating forearm outward (anatomical position)

Rotating forearm inward 

Turing sole of foot inward 

Turning sole of foot outward 

Moving body part foward (chin) 

Stand on heels 

Standing on tiptoes 

Movement of thumb across palm to touch the fingertips of the same hand