Term
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Definition
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Term
| three types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
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Term
| tissue/s that are striated |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| this tissue has intercalated discs |
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Definition
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Term
| this tissue attaches bone to tendon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| list the tissues based on their speed of contraction (fast-slowest) |
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Definition
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Term
| this tissue has dense connective tissue packaging |
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Definition
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Term
| tissue/s which has/have gap junctions |
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Definition
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Term
| this tissue is best at regenerating when injured |
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Definition
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Term
| this tissue is found in intestines; visceral |
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Definition
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Term
| this muscle is strictly uninucleated |
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Definition
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Term
| this muscle can be uni or binucleated |
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Definition
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Term
| this muscle is multinucleated |
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Definition
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Term
| this muscle has a short duration |
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Definition
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Term
| this muscle's duration is at a steady rate |
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Definition
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Term
| this muscle has a sustained duration |
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Definition
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Term
| can be referred to as the muscular system |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 4 functions of the muscular system |
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Definition
1. produces movement
2. maintains posture
3. stabilizes joints
4. generates heat |
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Term
| muscles that work together on opposite sides are called |
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Definition
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Term
| ability to receive and respond to a stimulus |
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Definition
| excitability/ irritability |
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Term
| examples of a stimulus for muscles |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter, hormone, local change in pH |
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Term
| T/F: muscles will always pull and never push |
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Definition
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Term
| ability to shorten when stimulated |
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Definition
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Term
| ability to be stretched or extended |
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Definition
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Term
| ability of a muscle fiber to recoil after being stretched |
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Definition
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Term
| what is each muscle composed of? what can they be considered because of this? |
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Definition
| muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers; discrete organ |
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Term
| T/F: Skeletal muscle is comprised of epithelial tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| connective tissue that surrounds fascicles of muscle cells |
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Definition
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Term
| connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| the end of the muscle which anchors it and is less movable |
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Definition
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Term
| term for the plasma membrane of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| the lighter stripe in the middle of the A band |
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Definition
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Term
| this structure is a continuation of the sarcolemma and allows impulses to be conducted to the deep regions of the muscle cell |
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Definition
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Term
| term for the expansions of the organelle that regulates intracellular levels of calcium levels |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| protein that makes up the elastic filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| protein that holds the thick filaments together |
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Definition
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Term
| name of protein that makes up the Z line |
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Definition
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Term
| the actin and myosin which cause striations in the muscle cells are classified as what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| contractile unit of a muscle cell, between two Z lines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in a relaxed muscle, this area will only contain myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| neurotransmitter found at the neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
| term used for a fusion of hundreds of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| sheetlike connective tissue that anchors muscle to bone or to cartilage or to the fascia of other skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| elongated protein that covers the active sites on actin |
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Definition
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Term
| this molecule must change shape by calcium for contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| structure that forms when myosin binds to actin and is "absent" when the muscle is relaxed |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule necessary for the release of a crossbridge |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| movable end of a muscle where it attaches to a bone |
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Definition
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Term
| theory name used for muscle contraction |
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Definition
| The Sliding Filament Theory |
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Term
| when a muscle contracts, which gets shorter, myofibrils or myofilaments? |
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Definition
| the myofibrils shorten, myofilaments stay the same length |
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Term
| when a muscle contracts the H zones get shorter |
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Definition
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Term
| when a muscle extends the A bands get broader |
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Definition
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Term
| when a muscle extends the I bands get broader |
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Definition
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Term
| a long filamentous organelle found w/in muscle cells that has a banded appearance |
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Definition
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Term
| dark bands contain thick/thin filaments and are known as ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| light bands contain thick/thin filaments and are known as ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: each muscle is stimulated by one nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| origin is (proximal/distal) to insertion, and insertion is (proximal/distal) to origin |
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Definition
| origin proximal to insertion, insertion distal to origin |
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Term
| for contraction to occur, it needs which 2 sets of intracellular tubules? |
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Definition
| sarcoplasmic reticulum and T Tubules |
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Term
| the Sliding Filament Theory was created by whom? |
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Definition
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Term
| this organelle contains the Calcium ions |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the T tubules found? |
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Definition
| at each A-I junction and encircles each sarcomere |
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Term
| label Na+ and K+ as intracellular and extracellular (during the resting state) |
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Definition
intracellular- K+
extracellular- Na+ |
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Term
| the space where the axon terminal does not touch the muscle fiber is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| what is needed in order for the ACh to be released? |
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Definition
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Term
| part of the sarcolemma with ACh receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| this enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter and prevents continuous depolarization |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the refractory period do? |
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Definition
| lowers calcium levels in cell |
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Term
| what happens when Ca levels are too low |
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Definition
| troponin blocks the binding sites on actin |
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Term
| what happens when Ca levels begin to rise |
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Definition
| bind to troponin, removes tropomyosin away from actin's binding sites |
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Term
| what happens when people come in contact with some pesticides and nerve gas? |
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Definition
| they become "frozen" and can't move because it prevents acetylcholinesterase and causes tetanic contraction |
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Term
| what does BoTox do to ACh? |
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Definition
| blocks the release of it at the nerve ending (causes muscles not to move) |
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Term
| where is Curare found and what does it do with/to ACh? |
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Definition
| south america/ poison dart frogs; binds to ACh receptors, blocks ACh attachment |
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Term
| what is myasthenia gravis? |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease, generalized muscle weakness, shortage of ACh receptors, patient has antibodies to ACh receptors |
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Term
| all of the muscle fibers stimulated by one motor neuron is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the amount of motor units related to the force of the contraction |
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Definition
| the more motor units stimulated, the stronger the force of the contraction |
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Term
| what 3 methods are needed to regenerate ATP? |
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Definition
1. interaction of ADP and creatine phosphate
2. aerobic respiration use by the cell
3. anaerobic glycolysis from stored glycogen |
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Term
| what does the creatine do? |
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Definition
| holds the phosphate, creating creatine phosphate,recycles the ATP, then causes ADP to form into ATP |
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Term
| why does heavy and vigorous exercise lead to a lactic acid build up? |
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Definition
| heavy exercise leads to more oxygen used than the hemoglobin can handle/deliver which leads to anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid build up |
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Term
| what is lactic acid and what does it cause? |
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Definition
| waste product that causes muscles to fatigue and cramp, causes a low pH in the blood, which causes oxygen to dissociate from the hemoglobin and attach to the myoglobin in muscles |
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Term
| the response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the latent period |
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Definition
| first few milliseconds after stimulation, increase in muscle tension |
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Term
| what happens in the period of contraction? |
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Definition
| cross bridges active, muscle shortens (if tension/pull exceeds resistance) |
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Term
| what happens in the period of relaxation? |
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Definition
| Ca ions back into S.R, muscle tension decreases, normal muscle length |
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Term
| muscle response: a single stimulus, muscle contracts and relaxes |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle response: stimuli delivered more frequently, muscle does not completely relax |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle response: stimuli delivered more rapidly |
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Definition
| unfused (incomplete) tetanus |
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Term
| muscle response: smooth continuous contraction w/o any relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
| this phrase means that muscle fibers will contract to the fullest extent when stimulated or do not contract at all |
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Definition
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Term
| this term is referred to the more motor units used, the faster and more prolonged the contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| a.k.a the "Staircase effect"; when a muscle begins to contract after a long period of rest, its initial contractions may be only half as strong as those that occur later in response to a stimuli of the same strength |
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Definition
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Term
| muscles contracting to different degrees are based on which two factors? What is this called? |
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Definition
- changing the frequency of the stimulation and the number of muscle cells stimulated
- Graded Response |
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Term
| which 4 factors is the force of contraction affected by? |
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Definition
- # of muscle fibers contracting
- relative size of the muscle
- series elastic elements
- degree of muscle stretch |
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Term
| why are some meats darker than others (ex. meat on a chicken/turkey) |
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Definition
| darker meat contains more myoglobin |
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Term
| for the degree of muscle stretch, the maximum force is generated when myosin and actin barely overlap at which percent of normal resting length? (ex. stretching before exercising) |
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Definition
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Term
| what does RICE stand for and when is it used? |
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Definition
rest, ice, compression, elevation
(used for pulled muscles) |
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Term
| when exercise causes muscle fibers to increase in size it is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| name 3 facts about isotonic exercise and give an example |
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Definition
- muscle shortens and moves a load
- not much increase in tension
- better for cardiovascular
- increases vascularity of skeletal and cardiac muscles
- ex. jumping jacks or lifting weights
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Term
| name 3 facts about isometric exercise |
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Definition
- muscle tension increases
- no load is moved
- no muscle shortening
- force of muscle met by equal opposing force (greater hypertrophy) |
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Term
| state of continuous muscle contraction, isometric exercise helps keeps posture, keeps viscera in place... facts about what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is influenced by nutrition and good exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| muscles wasted from lack of use or caused by denervation, size of the muscle shrinks, seen after having a cast on |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two cellular benefits of exercise? |
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Definition
- hypertrophy (# of myofibrils increase)
- # of mitochondria increase
- creatine phosphate and ATP increase
- increased glycogen storage (backed up by good exercise) |
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Term
| T/F: for healthy training, use cross training (alternate anaerobic and aerobic exercises) |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: a good athlete works hard every day 24/7 |
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Definition
| false! alternate days, heavy work out day should be followed by a day of rest or easy/light work out |
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Term
| what should you do if an overuse injury occurs? |
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Definition
| use ice packs, take ibuprofen, aspirin, or acetaminophen (tylenol) |
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