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Details

Title

CH ST 1C Final Terms

Description

CH ST 1C Final Terms

Total Cards

112

Subject

Gardening

Level

Undergraduate 2

Created

06/07/2010

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Term

South Central Farmers

Definition

The farmers in subject to "The Garden".

The operating framework of the SCF is made up of elected roles recruited from the General Assembly of the farmers. All roles taken by members of the SCF exist solely to fulfill a need or set of needs to continue the healthy life span of the farm.

Term

Ralph Horowitz

Definition

He is responsible for the eviction of the South Central Farmers.

Initially, Horowitz sought $16.3 million for the property, more than three times the 1986 eminent domain valuation. In a deal brokered in cooperation by The Trust for Public Land, the SCF have successfully raised a little over six million dollars. Fundraising efforts continued as farmers and celebrities began both a tree sitting campaign and occupation of the land, while under the threat of forced eviction by the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department.

Term

School of the Americas

Definition

A US Department of Defense facility at Fort Benning near Columbus, Georgia. Between 1946 and 2001, the SOA trained more than 61,000 Latin Americansoldiers and policemen. Critics of the school argue that the education encouraged such internationally recognized human rights violating practices and that this continues in the schools. They deny and say they teach democracy and human rights.

Term

Rio Negro Massacres

Definition

To complete construction, the government completed voluntary and forcible relocations of dam-affected communities from the fertile agricultural valleys to the much harsher surrounding highlands. When hundreds of residents refused to relocate, or returned after finding the conditions of resettlement villages were not what the government had promised, these men, women, and children were kidnapped, raped, and massacred by paramilitary and military officials. More than 440 Maya Achi were killed in the village of Rio Negro alone, and the string of extra-judicial killings that claimed up to 5,000 lives between 1980 and 1982 became known as the Rio Negro Massacres.

Term

Rigoberta Menchu

Definition

Menchú has dedicated her life to publicizing the plight of Guatemala's indigenous peoples during and after the Guatemalen Civil War (1960–1996), and to promoting indigenous rights in the country.

Term

Prison-Industrial Complex

Definition

The prison industrial complex is a term used to attribute the rapid expansion of the US inmate population to the political influence of private prison companies and businesses that supply goods and services to government prison agencies. Activists have described the prison industrial complex as perpetuating a belief that imprisonment is a quick fix to underlying social problems such as homelessness, unemployment, drug addiction, mental illness, and illiteracy.

Term

Moral Outrage

Definition

The intensity of feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten the social order.

Term

Alice McGrath

Definition

An American activist who first gained fame in connection with the 1942 case of the Sleepy Lagoon Murder. She was the executive secretary of the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee from 1942–1944. This followed the Zoot Suit Riots.

Term

Proposition 184

Definition

California's Three Strikes Law

After the proposition's passage in 1994, California's violent crime rate dropped every year until 2005. By 2004, California's violent crimes per capita were just over half of 1994 levels and 25 other U.S. states had adopted three-strikes laws.

Term

The Battle in Seattle

Definition

Thousands of activists arrive in Seattle, Washington in masses to protest the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999. The World Trade Organization is considered by protesters to contribute to widening the sociological gap between the rich and the poor it claims to be fixing and increasing world hunger, disease and death.

Term

Rufina Amaya

Definition

A survivor of the El Mozote massacre on December 11 and December 12,1981, in the Salvadorian department of Morazan during the Salvadorian Civil War. Her testimony was instrumental in the eventual investigation by the United Nations Commision on the Truth for El Salvador after the end of the war.

Term

Gregory Noyes

Definition

Georgey Noyes was shot to death under questionable circumstances by an LAPD officer. Gregory Noyes got together with several others who found the killing morally outrageous, demanding a full investigation into the death.

Term

NAFTA

Definition

Stands for North American Free Trade Agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the US. It creates a trilateral trade block in North America. It came into force in 1994, suspended the Canada Unites States free grade agreement between the two countries, it is the largest trade block in the world and contains a supplement on environmental cooperation and labor cooperation.

Term

Structural Adjustment Policies

Definition

The policy changes when one country loans to another, the bank of a borrowing country receives its loans but must abide by the structural adjustment policies. The SAPs are supposed to allow the economies of the developing country to become more market oriented; it forces them to concentrate more on trade and production so it can boost their economy.

Term

Wobblies

Definition

Industrial workers of the world, IWW, or “wobblies” is an international union. It contends that all workers should be united as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.

Term

Mario Savio

Definition

An American political activist and a key member in the Berkeley free speech at Soith Hall Steps. He is famous for his passionate speeches, especially his “put your bodies upon the gears,” which talked about the machine being so odious that it makes you sick at heart. inspiring workers to unite together, and indicating to the people who run the corporations/machine that unless you are free, their machine will be prevented from working at all.

Term

Fannie Lou Hamer

Definition

An American voting rights activist and civil rights leader. She was part of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party or “freedom democrats”. She gave the famous speech at the democratic national convention “Is this America?"

Term

Proposition 187

Definition

Passed the same year as prop 184. It denied educational and medical benefits to “illegal” immigrants and undocumented residents. It was later declared unconstitutional (while prop 184 was upheld by the US supreme court).

Term

IRCA

Definition

Immigration reform and control act signed by Reagan in 1986. This reformed the US immigration law and made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants who do not possess lawful work authorization.

Term

Operation Wetback

Definition

A 1954 operation by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to remove about one million illegal immigrants from southwestern US, focusing on Mexican nationals. Some Mexicans, fearful of the potential violence of this militarization, fled back south across the border.

Term

Judy Baca

Definition

She is best known as the director of the mural project that created one of the largest murals in the world, the Great Wall of Los Angeles.

Term

Reies Lopez Tijerina

Definition

He led a struggle in the 1960s and 1970s to restore New Mexican land grants to the descendants of their Spanish colonial and Mexican owners. He became famous internationally for his 1967 armed raid on the Tierra Amarilla courthouse.

Term

"A Time to Break Silence"

Definition

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. called for revolutionary change in America on April 4, 1967 when he gave this speech. He calls for "radical revolution in values," a sort of "cultural revolution." His main concern was how hypocritical America was and how much we were negatively affecting the poor.

Term

James Cheney

Definition

One of three American Civil Rights workers who were murdered during Freedom Summer by members of the KKK near Mississippi.

Term

Michael Schwerner

Definition

One of the three Congress of Racial Equality field workers killed in Philadelphia, Missippi by the KKK in response to their civil rights work, which included promoting registration to vote among Mississippi African Americans.

Term

John Foster Dulles

Definition

Served as US Secretary of State under President Eisenhower form 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He also played a major role in the CIA operation to overthrow the Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954.

Term

ACT UP

Definition

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power is an international direct action advocacy group working to impact the lives of people with AIDS and the AIDS pandemic to bring about legislation, medical research and treatment and policies to ultimately bring an end to the disease. In the 1980s it grew in power, trying to battle the "disease of the gay".

Term

Audre Lorde

Definition

A Caribbean-American writer, poet and activist. Later books continued her political aims in lesbian and gay rights, and feminism. In 1980, together with Barbara Smith and Cherrie Moraga, she co-founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, the first US publisher for women of color.

Term

Bernice Hatfield

Definition

The police wanted to charge her 17 year old son with 6 counts of murder, as they came into her house and took him through police force. He had nothing on him, yet he was charged for being a gang member. She wrote A Mother's Plea for Help, as she called for help on "the legal kidnapping" of her son. She helped create the Mothers ROC and STEP act.

Term

1992 Los Angeles Riots

Definition

The riots were sparked on April 29, 1992, when a jury acquitted four LAPD officers accused of beating Rodney King following a high-speed pursuit. Thousands of people in the LA area rioted over the six days following the verdict, including looting.

Term

Pearl Daye

Definition

Her son was arrested for due to the third strikes law after having two petty crimes and then a third more serious crime. She took part in the ROC and she helped create the FACTS (Families against Californias Three Strikes Law).

Term

Sister Dianna Ortiz

Definition

A native of New Mexico, while she was serving as a missionary in Guatemala in 1989 she was abducted and tortured by the Guatemalan military. She chronicled her story in The Blindfold's Eyes: My Journey from Torture to Truth. She founded the TASSC (Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International) which is founded by and for survivors of torture.

Term

Tea Party

Definition

An anti-tax political group, the Tea Party focuses on small government, fiscal resposibility, individual freedoms and upholding the constitution. They have been working on opposing acts to reform health insurance and health care delivery as of late.

Term

Cherrie Moraga

Definition

Chicana writer and feminist activist. In 1981, she and Gloria Anzaldua co-edited This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color. In contrast, la familia de la raza envisioned by Giving up the Ghost is neither heterosexual nor patriarchal, it consists of Chicana lesbians.

Term

Shooting the Patriarch

Definition

Patriarchal authority is both consistently inscribed and critically assesed within Chicano media and culture. The attention is always focused on the head male figure, which can be seen in the Zoot Suit film and Mi familia. The female characters are either seen as virgins or whores, and they are never given any credit.

Term

Ani DiFranco and Utah Phillips

Definition

They sang together Union sogns together as they were associated with the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Utah was a folk musician and a social activist, and they made two albums together.

Term

Che Guevara

Definition

An Argentinan Marxist, he promoted guerilla warfare and he was a diplomat and the major figure of the Cuban Revolution. In 1954 Guatemala, he witnessed the socialist government get overthrown by American military. He attracted much attention with his speeches against imperialism and US policy in the third world. Famous for saying "Let me say at the risk of seeming ridiculous. That the true revolutionary is guided by great feelings of love."

Term

Jose Diaz

Definition

The man who was "murdered" in the Sleepy Lagoon Case.

Term

George Shibley

Definition

Lawyer in the Sleepy Lagoon trial, he was responsible for bringing Alice McGrath in to assist in the case to defend the young chicanos.

Term

La Rue McCormick

Definition

One of the original founders of the Citizen's Committee for the Defense of Mexican-American Youth (CCDMAY) which became the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee (SLDC) once the trial took place. Responsible for bringing George Shibley into the case as the defense lawyer; disappeared soon thereafter.

Term

Marge Piercy

Definition

Jewish poet born in the time of the Great Depression. Used her poetry and other writings to express her concern with feminist and social issues. She dreamed of social change saying "what can we do with one person?"

Term

Jessie Diaz Jr.

Definition

A PhD Student in Sociology at UC Riverside, he is one of the founders of the March 25th Coalition, and the originator of the "Gran Paro Americano 2006," during which millions of undocumented immigrants and their families removed their presence from the workplace and schools, and their economic contributions to stores and markets in a symbolic gesture of international solidarity and celebration.

Term

Bread and Roses

Definition

A phrase that many immigrant labor workers claim, stating that they should be able to work and be treated fairly and just and as well. Important quote: "Well shall not be moved."

Term

Luis Valdez

Definition

Producer of Zoot Suit film, he continued to "shoot the patriarch" in the fil as he perceived Bertha Aguilar as stupid rather than independent. He also portrayed white women in a good light (Alice McGrath).

Term

Francisco Romero

Definition

Came out in the Barajas article, he was one of the Oxnard community activists to repeal a racial profiling law. He was worried that it would go back to how it was in the 1940s like it was in the Sleepy Lagoon Case.

Term

Day of Rememberance

Definition

Film showed in class, it showed that racial profiling is still happening today in America. It focused on the unjust treatment of Muslims and Arab-Americans in the US after the 9/11 attacks.

Term

Antonio Villaragosia

Definition

He was the first latino mayor in LA since 1872. He was part of the city council in LA during the time "The Garden" took place. He didn't help out and support the farm worker when they called on him for support.

Term

1989 Jesuit Priest Slayings

Definition

The Salvadorian Army killed 6 Jesuit Priests in one of the notorious events of El Salvador's civil war. In the early hours of Nov 16, 1989, the Salvadorian Army forced their way into the residence of the priests in the Central American University. They killed 5 priests in a garden, killed 1 in the house, a housekeeper, and her daughter.

Term

Michelle Alexander

Definition

She was a speaker in class. She wrote a novel on the New Jim Crow, speaking out on the fact that a racist caste system is still in place in today's society.

Term

1930's Deportations

Definition

Government looks at the crime wave and fall of the economy and balmes it on the Mexican-Americans and other Latino immigrants. A country wide deportation occured that was ruthless and final. Even those who were US citizens but who looked Hispanic were deported with no explanation and no questions asked.

Term

Families from Scratch

Definition

Chicanos had to start new families in America with just the very few materials they actually had when they were newly immigrated to the US

Term

Necessary Illusions

Definition

Formations of fear in others in order to created a right to "search and destroy." An example was the police saying that a crime wave had broke out in LA, which allowed for hundreds of Mexican Americans to be arrested.

Term

Golden Gulag

Definition

Novel by Ruth Gilmore that covered the California prison system and how and why its expansive growht took place (prison fix). It points out the racist ties within the prison system and the unjust happenings that took place in the arrests and rulings of some prisoners.

Term

Joe Arapio

Definition

AZ sheriff who took the role in 1992. He has been racially profiling since before SB 1070, and he is an anti-immigrant who is a hero among right wing circles.

Term

Amadou Diallo

Definition

A Guinean immigrant who was shot and killed by 4 NYPD officers dressed in plain clothes. He was unarmed at the time of the shooting, and controversy followed the event. It prompted outrage with issues such as police brutality, racial profiling, and contagious shooting.

Term

Matthew Shepard

Definition

A 21-year-old student at the University of Wyoming who was tortured and murdered in October 1998. During the trial, witnesses stated that Shepard was targeted because he was homosexual. Shepard's murder brought national and international to the issue of hate crime legislation at the state and federal levels.

Term

Juanita Tate

Definition

After the 1992 LA riots, she became involved in the Concerned Citizens of South Central LA. She opposed the community farmers who wanted to keep the South Central Community Farm. She advocated for the eviction of the farmers and for a sports field in place of the community garden.

Term

Concerned Citizens of South Central LA

Definition

Non-profit organization that works for social justice and economic and environmental change within the South Central Community. They opposed the South Central Community Farm and wanted to evict the farmers.

Term

Rufina Juarez

Definition

She was a representative for the South Central Farmers, as she fought for them to keep their farms. She helped them by interacting with the outside public for the Farmers

Term

El Mozote Massacre

Definition

Took place in the village of El Mozote in El Salvador on December 11, 1981. The Salvadorian armed forces trained by the US military in the School of Americas killed at least 1,000 civilians in an anti-guerilla campaign during the Salvadorian Civil War.

Term

Drum Major Instinct

Definition

The focus of MLK's speech in the "Drum Major Instinct" was that everyone has an "instinct" to get ahead/be first. He claimed that "we all want to be important, to surpass others, to achieve distinction, to lead the parade." He wanted people to be first in "love and generosity." He alluded this idea from the bible during one of his sermons.

Term

Jacobo Arbenz

Definition

He was a Guatemalan military officer and politician that served as the Defense Minster of Guatemala 1944-1951. He was the President of Guatemala 1951-1954. He was ousted in a coup by the US, which then replaced him by Colonel Carlos Castillo after he went into exile.

Term

Bertha Aguilar

Definition

She was the Focus of "Women in the Zoot Suit" by Catherine Ramirez. She was incarcerated at the Ventura School for Girls after being forced to testify in the Sleepy Lagoon Case. She was described as unladylike; she spoke loudly and profanely in the courtroom. She is a minor character and portrayed as an idiot in the Zoot Suit film by Luis Valdez

Term

Sleepy Lagoon Case

Definition

The 1942 trial of 21 Latino youths accused with the murder of Jose Diaz. Racial prejudice and press hysteria resulted in the arrest of 600 Latinos. The triat lacked the fundamental requirements of due process, as the accused men were treated unjustly and were not allowed to sit with their lawyers at court.

Term

SB 1070

Definition

The "Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act" of Arizona that is the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in decades. The act makes it a state misdeamonr crime for an alien to be in AZ without carrying registration documents, authorizes state and local law enforcement of federal immigrant laws, and cracks down on those sheltering, hiring, and transporting illegal aliens.

Term

CERJ

Definition

The Council for Ethnic Communities claimed "We Are Equal". Founded by Amilcar Mendez Urizar in 1988, the group consels Guatemalan campesinos who want to withdraw from the paramilitary Civl Patrols.

Term

Mothers ROC

Definition

Formed by the mothers of incarcerated youths, the group aimed to combat the recent intensity with which the state was arresting and incarcerating their children. The mission was to "be seen, heard, and felt in the interest of justice." The primary method of advertising was leafleting public spaces around jails, police stations, and courthouses.

Term

Harvest of Empire

Definition

The four harvests that Imperialism brings:

1. Immigration

2. Inequality

3. Racial Inequality

4. The rich and powerful benefit

Term

World Trade Organization

Definition

The WTO intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. 153 members represent 97% of the world trade. The members do not have to be full sovereign nation-members, instead they must be a customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations.

Term

Framing

Definition

Part of the social movement theory, it is how movements get started. And it is part of the final stage of the social movement.

Stages are: Opportunity, Support System, Framing, Indentifying a problem, Offering a solution.

Term

Joe Hill

Definition

A Swedish-American labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies), he was executed for murder after a controversial trial. After his death, he was memorialized by several folk songs.

Term

Tom Hayden

Definition

An American social and political activist and politician, most famous for his involvement in the animal rights and the anti-war and civil rights movements on the 1960s. He made a speech during the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, searching for "a system of creation instead of destruction."

Term

Father Roy Bourgeois

Definition

He was ordained a priest in the Maryknoll order of the Roman Catholic Church and is founder of the human rights group SOA Watch, which seeks to close the Schools of the Americas through non-violent protest.

Term

House Resolution (HR) 4437

Definition

The Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005. The bill was the catalyst for the 2006 US immigration reform protests and was the first piece of legislation passed by a house of Congress in the US illegal immigration debate.

Term

Bracero Program

Definition

A series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the US and Mexico for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the US. It was initially prompted by demand for manual labor during WWII. Workers were granted no rights while in the US and were brought back to Mexico after their job was done.

Term

Dolores Huerta

Definition

The co-founder of the United Farm Workers of America, AFL-CIO. In 1965 she directed the UFW's national grape boycott, taking the plight of the farm workers to the consumers. She helped in repealing the Bracero Program. She worked with Ceasar Chavez in helping the Farmers boycott during the UFW's national grape boycott.

Term

Ceasar Chavez

Definition

A Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the UFW. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggresive but nonviolent tactics made the farm worker's struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. His slogan was "Si, se puede" (Yes we can!)

Term

Poor People's Campaign

Definition

Organized by MLK Jr and the Souther Christian Leadership Conference, the Poor People's Campaign addressed the issues of economic justice and housing for the poor in the US. Jobs, income and housing were the main goals. They would help the poor by dramatizing their needs, uniting all races under the commonality of hardship and presenting a plan to start a solution. It was the second part of the Civil Rights Movement.

Term

Freedom Summer

Definition

A campaign in the US launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools and Freedom Houses in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population.

Term

Andrew Goodman

Definition

One of the three American civil rights activists murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi during the Freedom Summer in 1964 by members of the KKK.

Term

Big Government

Definition

A common example of big government is unfunded federal mandates, where federal programs and policy priorities are imposed upon states, requiring states to bear the financial burden without funding from the federal level. Commentators who use the term are often concerned about government delivery of public goods, and governemtn involvement in the formulation and implementation of laws and policies concerning civil rights, social justice and social welfare.

Term

David Attias

Definition

A former student of UCSB, he was responsible for the perpetration of the Isla Vista massacre, where he drove his car through IV killing 4 people. He claimed he was the "Angel of Death" when he exited his car.

Term

Langston Hughes

Definition

He wrote "Let America be America Again." It speaks of the American dream that never existed for the lower class American. It also talks about the freedom and equality that every immigrant hoped for but never achieved. In his poem he represents not only African Americans, but other minorities as well. Besides criticizing the unfair life in America, the poem conveys a sense of hope that the American Dream is soon to come.

Term

Conciousness-raising

Definition

A form a political activism pioneered by the US feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group of people on some cuase or condition. It is the first half of the adage "Admitting the problem is half the battle."

Term

Crisis/Surplus/Fix

Definition

The Prison Fix discussed in the Golden Gulag. Today, 90 penitentiaries, small prisons, and camps stretch across CA, the fifth largest economy in the world. It has not always been this way, as between 1852 and 1964 only 12 prisons were built. Since 1984, the state has erected 43 penal institutions, making it a global leader in prison construction.

Term

Rodney King

Definition

An African American man who was subject to police brutality from 4 LAPD officers who viciously beat him after a long high-speed chase. A portion of the footage was aired by news agencies around the world, causing public outrage that raised tensions between the black community and the LAPD and increased anger over police brutality and social inequalities in LA. The 1992 riots occured after the 4 white officers were acquitted of all charges.

Term

Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts

Definition

A landmark piece of legislation in the US that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. It prohibited discrimination, invalidating the Jim Crow Laws, making it illegal to segregate. In turn, anyone was now allowed to vote regardless of color and sex.

Term

Dying to Live

Definition

A film we watched in class, it explores who immigrants actually are, why they leave their homes and what they face in their journey. It is a reflection on the human struggle for a more dignified life and the search to find God in the midst of that struggle.

Term

Familia de la Raza

Definition

Chicanos in this country have been in a constant state of struggle for economic and culture survival; yet the Chicano's family has remained the most important part of the culture. Chicano values, customs, lifestyles, and language are important in remaining a part of Chicano families.

Term

University of Central America

Definition

Founded in September of 1965 at the request of a group of Roman Catholic families who appealed to the Salvadoran government. In the 1970s and 1980s during the Civil War in El Salvador, it housed many jesuit priests and was the setting for the Rio Negro Massacre. They were outspoken against the abuses of the Salvadoran military and government, and carried out research to demonstrate the effects of the war and poverty in the country.

Term

Diffusion and De-fusion

Definition

When the Chicanos begin to assimilate into a group of people, namely when they immigrate into a society of White Americans.

Term

Go Tell it On the Mountain

Definition

African-American spiritual complied by John W. Work dating back to at least 1865 that has been sung and recorded by many gospel and secular performers. It discusses the Nativity of Jeusus, claiming "Go tell it on the mountain, over the hills and everywhere; go tell it on the mountain that Jesus Christ is born."

Term

Zoot Suit Riots

Definition

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in LA during WWII, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Lation youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored. The Zoot Suit Riots were in part the effect of the infamous Sleepy Lagoon Murder.

Term

Ben Margolis

Definition

In 1944, Margolis won a reversal for 22 mostly Mexican-American men convicted in the “Sleepy Lagoon” murder trial that culminated in the Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles. In a landmark ruling, Margolis not only secured reversal of all 22 convictions, but established for the first time the right of a defendant to unimpaired access to counsel during a criminal trial.

Term

The Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee

Definition

The East LA community came to the support of the defendants of the Sleepy Lagoon Murder Trial. They created the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committe, composed of leftists including: Carey McWilliams, Alice McGrath, Ben Margolis, African-Americans, and Mexican-American community leaders.

Term

Carry McWilliams

Definition

An American author, editor, and lawyer, he is best known for his writings about social issues in California, including the condition of migrant farm workers and the internment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps during WWII.

Term

Oscar Romero

Definition

Romero was assinated March 24, 1980, while celebrating Mass at a small chapel located in a hospital, one day after a sermon where he had called on Salvadoran soldiers, as Christians, to obey God's higher order to stop carrying out the government's repression and violations of basic human rights. Assination supposedly ordered by the Schools of Americas.

Term

Zapatista National Liberation Army

Definition

A revolutionary group based in Chiapas, which is one of the richest states in Mexico but suffers from massive inequality and poverty. Since 1994, they have been in a declared a non violent war "against the Mexican state." Their ideology combines libertarian socialism and municipalism and indigenous Mayan political thought. They align themselves with the wider anti-globalization, and anti-neoliberal social movement and seek indigenous control over their local resources, especially land.

Term

Calo

Definition

The Pachucos used this slang of Mexican Spanish with originated during the first half of the 20th century in the Southwester US. It is a product of the zoot suit culture.

Term

Privileged Adjacency

Definition

If you were to map every gang injuction in LA County, you will observe a patter of what is called "privileged adjacency," gangs in areas with a mainstream interest.

Term

Gang Injunction

Definition

A court-issued restraining order prohibiting gang members from participating in certain activities. It is based on the legal theory that gang activity constitutes a public nuisance that prevents non-gang members from enjoying peace in their communities.

Term

Jan Perry

Definition

An American politictian who currently representing the 9th district of LA City Council. When the South Central Farm was shut down in 2006, community activists accused Perry of illegally (without proper notice) selling the farmland, forcing their eviction. Her role in the conflict was documented in the film The Garden.

Term

Democracy and Capitalism

Definition

Democracy is the process by which we get ourselves organized to perform capitalism. One imagines that in early times, human activity soon divided itself into two parts, again involving the substantive and the procedural: what we wish to do with our bodies each day and how we will collectively organize ourselves to do it. Capitalism is today's version of the what and democracy is the how. Democracy is a consensual hallucination of people concerned with how to divide opportunity fairly.

Term

When Did I See You Hungry

Definition

This short film is a photographic meditation on the plight of the poor and our responsibility to help. The film features more than 250 powerful and poignant B&W photographs from the directors new book "When Did I see You Hungry." The photographs reveal the hidden humanity of the poor, their spirit of joy and will to survive.

Term

Chinese Exclusion Act

Definition

A US federal law signed into law by President Arthur on May 8, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the US to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. It is sometimes known as the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923.

Term

Pachucas/os

Definition

Mexican American youths who developed their own subculture during the 1930s and 1940s in the Southwest US. They wore distinctive clothing such as zoot suits and spoke their own dialect of Mexican Spanish, called Calo or Pachuco. Due to their double marginalization stemming from their youth and ethnicity, there has always been a close association and cultural cross-pollination between the Pachuco subculture and gang subculture.

Term

Loving in the War Years

Definition

In this book, Cherrie Moraga recounts her experiences and develops ideas concerning her existence as a Chicana and a lesbian in American society today. She states in the introduction that one of her reasons for writing this book is to preserve her culture and her life in the face of a society that is overwhelming both. At the same time, she makes the effort to reconcile a basic human conflict, that between loyalty to family and loyalty to self. She also discuses the important topic of making FAMILIES FROM SCRATCH.

Term

Ella Baker

Definition

A leading African American and Civil Rights and human rights activists. She worked alongside with some of the most famous activists such as MLK Jr. She was also a huge proponent of "Participatory Democracy" and also worked with a number of prominent organizations such as the NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, and SCEF. She told people to take control of movements themselves instead of waiting around for a leader.

Term

Central American Solidarity Movement

Definition

Central America was in turmoil during the 1980s because of indigenous civil wars. The Regan administration blamed these wars on communist intervention and was determined to reverse what they saw as the decline of US influence on 3rd Worlds. The Solidarity Movement was part of the American populist response of peace activists, especially religious ministries, appalled over US intervention south of its border. Refugees increasinly fled the death squads and massive terror of repressive governments in Central America.

Term

FAIR

Definition

The Federation for American Immigration Reform is a national, nonprofit, public-interest, membership organization of concerned citizens who share a common belief that our nation's immigration policies must be reformed to serve the national interest. It seeks to improve border security, stop illegal immigration, and promote immigration levels consistent with the national interest or about 300,000 a year.

Term

Oscar Grant

Definition

A victim of the BART shootings in Oaklan, he was unarmed and shot by San Francisco BART officers. The events were captured on film, and the footage was disseminated to media outlets and to various websites, where it was watched hundreds of thousands of times. The following day saw both peaceful and violent protests.

Term

Lawrence King

Definition

He was shot twice by a fellow student in Oxnard, CA, and he was kept on life support until he died two days later. Brandon McInerney, his murderer, has been charged as an adult with premeditated murder with enhancements of discharge of a firearm and a hate crime. Newsweek has described the shooting as "the most prominent gay-bias crime since the 1998 murder of Matthew Shepard," bringing attention to issues of gun violence as well as gender expression and sexual identity of teens.

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