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| forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others |
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| inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures and that enable organism to succeed |
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| Change in genetic composition of population of organisms |
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| large, complex systems can be understood by studying their simpler components |
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| “emergent properties” of the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts |
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| living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things |
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| living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells |
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| sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion) |
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| ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability) |
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| of organism and/or of substances within the organism |
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| the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions |
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| producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring |
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| allows for dynamic equilibrium within a limited range around a set point |
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| structure that senses change in the body (e.g., stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure) |
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Term
| integrating (control) center |
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Definition
| control center that processes the sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain) |
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| cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., the heart) |
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Leads to greater change in the same direction
Feedback loop is repeated—change produces more change |
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| irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides |
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| thick in middle, tapered toward the ends |
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Surrounds cell, defines boundaries
Made of proteins and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (stored or
foreign particles)
Cytosol (intracellular fluid, ICF) |
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Term
| extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
Fluid outside of cells
Includes tissue (interstitial) fluid |
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Definition
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| heads face water on each side of membrane |
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| are directed toward the center, avoiding water |
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Adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it)
Usually tethered to the cytoskeleton |
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| allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through membrane |
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Definition
| catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules, production of second messengers |
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| communicate within cell receiving chemical message |
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| bind solutes and transfer them across membrane |
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| carriers that consume ATP |
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Definition
| glycoproteins acting as identification tags |
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Definition
| mechanically link cell to extracellular material |
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Definition
Fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane
Carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids
Unique in everyone but identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
| On some absorptive cells they are very dense and appear as a fringe—“brush border” |
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Term
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Definition
Beat in waves sweeping material across a surface in one direction
hairlike processes 7–10 m long |
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Definition
core of motile cilium
Two central microtubules surrounded by ring of nine pairs |
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Definition
| hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to install them in the plasma membrane |
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| only functional flagellum in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell |
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Definition
causes cell to absorb water and swell
Has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
causes cell to lose water and shrivel (crenate)
Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF |
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Definition
causes no change in cell volume
Concentrations of nonpermeating solutes in bath and ICF are the same |
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Definition
| network of protein filaments and cylinders |
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Definition
| Composed of: microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules |
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Definition
| long, thread-like molecule with uniform diameter, but varied length |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
One sugar—deoxyribose
One phosphate group
One nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
double ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) |
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Term
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Definition
single ring
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U) |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein |
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Definition
| all the genes of one person |
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Definition
| proteins crucial for DNA packing |
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Definition
| fine filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins |
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Definition
| smaller molecules that resemble DNA |
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Term
| 3 important RNAs for protein synthesis |
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Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
One nucleotide chain (not a double helix)
Ribose replaces deoxyribose as the sugar
Uracil replaces thymine as a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that enables these four nucleotides to code for amino acid sequences of all proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stands for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the 3-base sequence in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| UAG, UGA, and UAA: signal “end of message,” like a period at the end of a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| AUG codes for methionine, and begins the amino acid sequence of the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that binds to DNA and assembles mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| variations in the way exons are spliced allow for a variety of proteins to be produced from one gene |
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Term
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Definition
| immature RNA produced by transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| “sense” portions of the pre-mRNA that will be exported from the nucleus and translated into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| “nonsense” portions of the pre-mRNA that must be removed before translation |
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Definition
| process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids |
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Definition
| carries code from nucleus to cytoplasm |
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Definition
| delivers a single amino acid to the ribosome for it to be added to growing protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles that read the message in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| series of 3 nucleotides that are complementary to codon of mRNA |
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Term
| Three steps to translation |
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Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, Termination |
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Term
| four steps of DNA replication |
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Definition
| unwinding, unzipping, building new DNA strands, repackaging |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors (radiation, viruses, chemicals) |
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Definition
| transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size |
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Term
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Definition
| describes any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| describes cells containing half as many chromosomes (23 unpaired) as somatic cells; that is, sperm and egg cells (germ cells) |
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Definition
| the location of a particular gene on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| different forms of gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
(represented by capital letter)
- If present, corresponding trait is usually seen in the individual
- Masks effect of recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
(represented by lowercase letter)
- Corresponding trait only seen when recessive allele present on both homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles an individual possesses for a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| two identical alleles for the trait |
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Term
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Definition
| different alleles for that gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diagram showing possible genotype and phenotype outcomes from parents of known genotype |
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Definition
| more than two allelic forms of gene |
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Definition
| both alleles equally dominant |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous individual shows phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced alone |
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Term
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Definition
| genes at two or more loci contribute to a single phenotypic trait |
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Term
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Definition
| carried on X or Y chromosome, and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of population exhibiting expected phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| field examining nongenetic changes that alter gene expression and can be passed to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism of epigenetic change in which methyl groups are added to DNA |
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Definition
| growth of blood vessels by energy-hungry tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause cell division to accelerate out of control |
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Term
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Definition
| Healthy tumor suppressor genes inhibit development of cancer |
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Definition
| Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring especially in children |
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Definition
| severe wasting away of depleted tissues |
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Definition
| environmental cancer-causing agents |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 pairs—the two members of each pair are called homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
22 pairs called autosomes
Look alike and carry the same genes
1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y) |
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