Term
| What do you call a cell that contains only one set of chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term is used to describe traits passed down from generation to generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What branch of biology is dedicated to the study of heredity and variation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gene is only found on the X chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call observable differences in organisms between generations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call sex cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are non-sex chromosomes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what phase of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what phase of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ploid representation after S phase in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call the identification of chromosomes based on their banding pattern, centromere position, and size? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term used to describe the random chance for each gamete to meet and form a zygote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the physical location of a gene on a chromosome called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call chromosomes that contain the same genes and thus are the same size, have the same centromere position, and the same banding pattern? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term is used to describe a fertilized egg while it is still a single cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| A disease that is caused by the absence of the clotting agent factor VIII? |
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Definition
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Term
| What results from fusing of sex cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosome during prophase I of meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the nucleic acid code, made from DNA, in the nucleus and transported into the cytoplasm, to make proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cells include all cells except for sex cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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Definition
DNA makes RNA, which makes protein.
Main thesis of molecular inheritance. |
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Term
| Why are offspring different from their parents? |
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Definition
| Each parent contributes half of their chromosomes |
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Term
| What genetic information is made by both parents? |
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Definition
| Sperm and egg cells both contain half the number of chromosomes found in any other human cell--23, as opposed to 46. Chromosomes contain tighly wound coils of DNA, sections of which are referred to as "genes." |
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Term
| What is the study of heredity and variation called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the royal disease? |
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Definition
| Hemophilia - disease which results in the inability of the body to stop bleeding from a wound |
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Term
| What is the molecular cause of the royal disease? |
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Definition
| X-linked recessive inheritance |
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Term
| What makes the inheritance of royal disease unique? |
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Definition
| The gene for clotting factor VIII is on the X chromosome which results in only males getting the disease because they only inherit 1 X chromosomes where as females inherit 2 X chromosomes |
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Term
| How was this trait fixed in the population? (Royal disease) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is inbreeding a "bad" thing? |
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Definition
Variation is important!
Breeding within families reduces variation and retains traits (both good and bad) - developing genetic abnormalities |
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Term
| What is the difference between a somatic cell and a sex cell? |
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Definition
Somatic (body) cells are important for growth and healing. Contain 46 chromosomes; 23 pairs.
Sex cells (gametes) - 23 chromosomes from each parent; 1/2 genetic material. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a homologous chromosome and a sister chromatid? |
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Definition
Homologous chromosomes have the same size, centromere position and staining pattern.
Sister chromatids are identical copies attached to each other by centromeres. |
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Term
| How do biologists identify homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
Size
Position of centromere
Branding pattern |
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Term
| Why are they homologous? (chromosomes) |
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Definition
| They have the same size, centromere position and staining pattern |
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Term
| What is the only way a normal human can have a pair of non-homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells? |
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Definition
Haploid - contains 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid - contains 2 sets of chromosomes |
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Term
| Provide an example of haploid and diploid cells in humans. |
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Definition
Haploid: Gametes (n=23)
Diploid: Somatic (2n=46) |
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Term
| What stage of the life cycle are the majority of our cells in? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is there so much variation among people? |
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Definition
| Each gamete contains half of the chromosomes of each parent. The fertilization, chromosomes assortment, and synapsis all occur randomly. These random variables promote variation among people. |
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Term
| What are the three things that contribute to variation among people? |
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Definition
Independent assortment
Crossing over
Random fertilization |
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Term
What is independent assortment?
When does it occur?
How does it contribute to variation? |
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Definition
Each pair of homologous chromosomes randomly assorts on the metaphase plate.
Occurs during Metaphase
The pairs could assort in any number of ways |
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Term
What is crossing over?
When does it occur?
How does it contribute to variation? |
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Definition
Genes are passed between arms of homolgous chromosomes.
Occurs during Prophase I
These genes could be exchanged in any number of ways depending on how the chromosomes and tetrads connected |
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Term
| What are the stages of meiosis? |
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Definition
Meiosis I:
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Meiosis II:
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II |
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Term
| What occurs in Prophase I? |
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Definition
Chromosomes condense Synapsis occurs (crossing over—genetic material exchanged between homologous chromosomes) **appear as tetrads
Centrosomes move apart and spindles form Nuclear envelope breaks down |
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Term
| What occurs in Metaphase I? |
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Definition
Centrosomes move to poles
Microtubules attach to each homologue at kinetochore Tetrads aligned on Metaphase plate |
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Term
| What occurs in Anaphase I? |
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Definition
Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward poles
Sister chromatids remain attached |
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Term
| What occurs in Telophase I? |
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Definition
Each pole has set of sister chromatids
Cleavage furrow begins to form
Nuclei may reform—Nuclear envelope forms
Beginning of cytokinesis |
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Term
| What occurs in Prophase II? |
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Definition
No duplication occurs
Centrosomes move apart
Spindles form
Nuclear envelope breaks down |
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Term
| What occurs in Metaphase II? |
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Definition
Centrosomes move to poles
Microtubules attach to chromatid at kinetochore
Chromatids aligned on metaphase plate |
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Term
| What occurs in Anaphase II? |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids separate at centromeres and move toward poles |
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Term
| What occurs in Telophase II? |
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Definition
Cleavage furrow begins to form
Nuclear envelope starts to form Beginning of cytokinesis
Gametes: haploid daughter cells (n=23) |
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Term
| When does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do homologous chromosomes separate? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do sister chromatids separate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the major differences between mitosis and meiosis? |
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Definition
Mitosis:
# of divisions - One
Synapsis does not occur
Two diploid, genetically identical cells
Role - growth and tissue repair
Meiosis:
# of divisions - Two
Synapsis occurs during Prophase I
Four haploid cells with 1/2 chromosomes
Role - gametes |
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