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Ch. 15.5
Ch. 15.5
35
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
01/29/2018

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Term
some recurring motifs in biochemistry
Definition
1: the use of activated carriers
2: the existence of a recurring set of activated characters in all organisms
Term
why ATP is an activated carrier of phosphoryl groups
Definition
because phosphoryl transfer from ATP is energetically favorable
Term
a recurring motif in biochem
Definition
the use of activated carriers
Term
activated carrier
Definition
small molecule carrying activate functional groups that can be donated to another molecule
Term
examples of activated carriers
Definition
-ATP carries activated phosphoryl groups
-coenzyme A carries activated acyl groups
-activated carriers of electrons for fuel oxidation
-activated carriers of electrons for the synthesis of biomolecules
-an activated carrier of 2-Carbon fragments
Term
many activated carriers function as...
Definition
coenzymes
Term
coenzymes
Definition
small organic molecules that serve as cofactors for enzymes
Term
the ultimate electron acceptor in the oxidation of fuel molecules
Definition
O2
Term
the flow of electrons from fuel molecules to O2
Definition
fuel molecules --> pyridine nucleotides or flavins --> O2
Term
an example of a pyridine nucleotide
Definition
NAD+
Term
NAD+
Definition
a pyridine nucleotide that is a major electron carrier in the oxidation of fuel molecules
Term
structure of NAD+
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of NAD+ reduction
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of redox rxn involving NAD+
Definition
[image]
Term
major electron carriers in the oxidation of fuel molecules
Definition
-NAD+ -FAD these are both oxidized forms
Term
structure of FAD
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of redox rxn involving FAD
Definition
[image]
Term
oxidized and reduced forms of FAD/FADH2
Definition
[image]
Term
reductive biosynthesis
Definition
synthesizing something from precursors that are more oxidized than the products
Term
most biosynthesis is this type of biosynthesis
Definition
reductive biosynthesis
Term
the electron donor in most biosynthesis
Definition
NADPH
Term
structure of NADPH
Definition
[image]
Term
key difference between NADH and NADPH
Definition
NADPH contains one more phosphate group
Term
key difference between the uses of NADH and NADPH
Definition
NADPH used almost exclusively for reductive biosynthesis while NADH is used primarily for the generation of ATP
Term
NADPH used for...
Definition
almost exclusively for reductive biosynthesis while NADH is used primarily for the generation of ATP
Term
NADH used for...
Definition
primarily the generation of ATP
Term
structure of coenzyme A
Definition
[image]
Term
function of acetyl CoA
Definition
acetyl group transfer
Term
why acetyl CoA has high acetyl group transfer potential
Definition
because transfer of the acetyl group is exergonic (i.e., thermodynamically favorable)
Term
why the kinetic stability of NADH, NADPH, FADH2, ATP, and acetyl CoA in the absence of specific catalysts is essential foor their biological function
Definition
because it allows enzymes to control the flow of free energy and reducing power
Term
one of the unifying motifs in biochem
Definition
the existence of a recurring set of activated characters in all organisms
Term
structure of acyl CoA
Definition
[image]
Term
structure of acetyl CoA
Definition
[image]
Term
many activated carriers are derived from...
Definition
vitamins
Term
vitamins
Definition
organic molecules needed in small amounts in the diets of many higher animals
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