Term
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Definition
A series of actions, changes, or
functions that bring about an end
result |
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Term
Cause-and-Effect
Diagram Sometimes called an? |
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Definition
Ishikawa diagram
(developed by Kaoru Ishikawa in the 1960s)
Also called a fishbone diagram (due to its
shape) |
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Term
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Definition
” (typically from one of the five generic
major cause categories)
1. People/personnel
2. Material or supplies
3. Equipment or machines
4. Procedures or methods
5. Environmen |
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Term
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Definition
| – problem, goal, or outcome |
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Term
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Definition
Plots a variable of interest on the yaxis vs time on the x-axis
If the variable is unstable over time
we say the variable is time-dependent |
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Term
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Definition
Separates data into leading digits
(stems) and trailing digits (leaves)
Helps organize data and summarizes
its distribution |
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Term
Frequency Distribution
Table |
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Definition
Summary table in which the data are arranged
in conveniently established, numerically ordered
class groupings or categories
Makes data analysis more manageable and
meaningful |
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Term
| Columns to Include in a Freq. Dist. Table? |
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Definition
• Lower Boundary
• Upper Boundary
• Class Midpoint
• Frequency
• Relative Frequency
• % Distribution
• Cumulative Frequency
• Cumulative % Distribution |
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Term
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Definition
Point halfway between the boundaries of a
class
– Representative of the data within the class |
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Term
| Relative Frequency Distribution |
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Definition
Obtained by dividing the frequencies in each
class by the total number of observations
– Values should sum up to 1.0 |
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Term
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Definition
Obtained by multiplying each relative
frequency value by 100 (to convert it to a
percent) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cumulative percentage distribution |
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Definition
the proportion or percent of data
values falling above or below a
specified value of interest |
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Term
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Definition
Vertical bar chart in which the rectangular
bars are constructed at the boundaries of
each class
Pictorial representation of a frequency
distribution table
Variable of interest (length, number of
hours, etc.) plotted on x-axis
Frequency, proportion, or % of observations
plotted on y-axis |
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Term
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Definition
– Similar to a histogram in the form of a line graph
– Can be used to compare multiple data sets |
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Term
| Cumulative polygon (ogive) |
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Definition
– Graphical representation of the cumulative
distribution table |
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Term
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Definition
| shows tally on visual maps |
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Term
| Length of bar represents? |
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Definition
frequency or
% of observations in that category |
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Term
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Definition
Special type of vertical bar chart
Categories are plotted in descending
rank order of frequencies
Diagram includes cumulative polygon
(line graph) on same scale
Separates the “vital few” from the
“trivial many” |
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Term
| Bivariate Categorical Data |
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Definition
Simultaneously examines the
responses of two categorical variables
Contingency table
– Cross-classifies data
Side-by-side bar chart |
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