Term
| What are the two types of food processing? |
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Definition
Mechanical: chewing, tearing, grinding etc
Chemical: catabolic reactions, enzymatic hydrolysis |
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Term
| What are the 6 phases of food processing? |
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Definition
1. Ingestion
2. Secretion
3. Mixing and propulsion
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation |
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Term
| What is the order of the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine |
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Term
| What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Term
| What is the purpose of mucosa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of submucosa? |
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Definition
| Controls release of secretion by GI organs, extends entire length of GI tract |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the muscularis? |
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Definition
| Swallowing and defecation using skeletal muscle, 2 layers of smooth muscle used for compressing and mixing and peristalsis |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the serosa? |
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Definition
| Visceral serosa cover organs, parietal serosa line walls of abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of the GI tract? |
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Definition
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| Falciform ligament which attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm |
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Term
| What are the functions and components of the mouth? |
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Definition
Functions: food acquisition and chewing
Components: uvula which closes nasal cavity and vestibule which is the sapce bound by cheeks/lips and gums/teeth |
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Term
| What are the 3 main sets of salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. |
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Term
| What is the function of the salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Lubricate, moisten, soften food, chemical digestion using enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Bolus formation, speech, chewing, lingual glands, taste, papillae (some have taste buds) |
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Term
| What are the parts of the teeth? |
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Definition
| Dentin is the calcified CT which forms most of the tooth, enamel is the covering over the dentin, cementum and ligaments hold the tooth in the socket |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? |
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Definition
| Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, function in swallowing |
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Term
| What are the functions of the esophagus and what layer of the GI tract is it? |
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Definition
| Secrete mucus, transport food, composed of muscularis |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of wavelike contractions that propel th ebolus down the esophagus to the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Act of swallowing food, bolus moving from mouth to stomach, voluntary when the tongue forces bolus to back of the oral cavity and in oropharynx, involuntary when passing into oropharynx, involuntary when moving into esophagus |
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Term
| What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease? |
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Definition
| Also called heartburn, inadequate closure of lower esophageal sphincter, HCl from stomach irritates esophagus, chronic can bring risk of esophageal ulxers and cancer, treated with HCl secretion inhibitors |
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Term
| What are the functions of the stomach? |
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Definition
| Mix food, food reservoir, chemical digestion, antibacterial because acidic, absorbs B12/alcohol/water/ions/some drugs, pH of 2.5 |
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Term
| What are the 4 main regions of the stomach? |
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Definition
| Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyloric sphincter muscle abnormality |
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Term
| What is pyloric stenosis? |
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Definition
| Chyme prevented form moving to small intestine resulting in projectile vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Visualization via fiber optic instruments |
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Term
| What are the 3 muscle layers of the stomach? |
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Definition
| Oblique, circular, longitudinal |
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Term
| How is the stomach protected from gastric juice? |
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Definition
| 1-3 mm layer of alkaline mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Soupy liquid produced by digestion |
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Term
| How long is food in the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forcible expulsion of chyme, stimulated by unpleasant sights/anesthesia/dizziness/drugs, nerve impulses sent to vomiting center in medulla oblongata |
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Term
| What are the parts of the pancreas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What cells are in the pancreas? |
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Definition
| Langerhans cells and acini cells |
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Term
| What is the pancreas regulated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzymes and compounds are a part of pancreatic juic? |
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Definition
| Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation, trypsin digests pancreatic cells, caused by alcoholism/gallstones/cystic fibrosis/high levels of calcium or fats in blood |
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Term
| What is pancreatic cancer linked to? |
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Definition
| Linked to alcohol consumption/fatty foods/smoking/chronic pancreatitis |
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Term
| What is the liver and its functions? |
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Definition
| Largest gland, second largest organ, bile is produced by the hepatocytes, functions in metabolism of carbs/proteins/lipids, synthesis of bile salts, storage of vitamins/minerals, removal of drugs/hormones from blood, excretion of bilirubin, activates vitamin D, phagocytosis of RBC/WBC/bacteria |
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Term
| What is the path of blood in the liver? |
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Definition
1. Hepatic artery or hepatic portal vein
2. Liver sinusoids
3. Central vein
4. Hepatic vein
5. Inferior vena cava
6. Right atrium of heart |
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Term
| What are the functions of the gallbladder? |
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Definition
| Stores and concentrates bile until needed, CCK causes ejection of bile |
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Term
|
Definition
| Form from crystallized cholesterol due to insufficient bile salts or excessive cholesterol, risk factors are being obese/middle aged/female, treatments include gallstone-dissolving drugs/lithotripsy/surgery |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the small intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of microvilli in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients |
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Term
| What is segmentation in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Localized mixing contractions which mix chyme and bring it in contact with mucosa for absorption |
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Term
| How does chemical digestion in the small intestine work? |
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Definition
| Uses enzymes peptidase/sucrase/lactaste/maltase/lipase/nuclease, enzymatic digestion takes place at absorptive cells lining villi |
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Term
| How does the small intestine play a role in absorption? |
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Definition
| 90% of all absorption occurs in small intestine, water absorbed by osmosis, electrolytes by active transport |
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Term
| How does the nervous system affect the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic stimulation increases motility, sympathetic stimulation decreases motility |
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Term
| How does the presence of chyme affect the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Increases motility/secretions |
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Term
| Where does the large intestine go from? |
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Definition
| Extends from ileocecal sphincter to the anus |
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Term
| How does large intestinal mechanical digestion work? |
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Definition
| Called haustral churning, peristalsis allows for 3-12 contractions per minute |
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Term
| How does chemical digestion work in the large intestine? |
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Definition
| Bacterial digestion not enzymatic, fermentation of carbs and amino acids |
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Term
| How much absorption does the large intestine have? |
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Definition
| Out of 9L only 1L is large intestine |
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Term
| What is feces and what are the components? |
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Definition
| Dehydrated chyme, components are water/inorganic salts/sloughed-off epithelial cells/bacteria/bacterial waste products |
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Term
| What is the defecation reflex? |
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Definition
| Elimination of feces from rectum, initiated by stretch receptors as rectum becomes filled |
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Term
| What is diarrhea and constipation? |
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Definition
| Diarrhea is increased motility and decreased absorption, constipation is decreased motility and increased absorption |
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of digestion? |
|
Definition
1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase |
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Term
| What is the cephalic phase of digestion? |
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Definition
| Sights, thoughts, tastes, CN X stimulates secretion of gastric juice during this phase |
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|
Term
| What is the gastric phase of digestion? |
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Definition
| When food reaches stomach, neural and hormonal mechanisms, promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases gastric motility |
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Term
| What is the intestinal phase of digestion? |
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Definition
| When food enters the small intestine, neural and hormonal mechanisms, stimulates secretion of bile/pancreatic juice |
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Term
| How does aging affect digestion? |
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Definition
| Decreased secretions, decreased motility, loss of muscular strength and tone, reduced hormone levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tooth decay, plaque contains acid-producing bacteria, acids demineralize enamel and dentin |
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Term
| What is periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation and degeneration of gingivae/alveolar bone/periodontal ligament/cementum |
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|
Term
| What is peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
| Craterlike lesions in GI tract, bleeding and perforation can be very serious, caused by Heliobacter pylori and aspirin and HCl hypersecretion |
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Term
| What is colorectal cancer? |
|
Definition
| 2nd deadliest cancer in males, 3rd deadliest cancer in females |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of liver caused by different viruses |
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|
Term
| How is Hepatitis A trasnmitted? |
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Definition
| Fecal contamination on food/clothes/toys/eating utensils, prevented by vaccine |
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|
Term
| How is Hepatitis B trasnmitted? |
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Definition
| Transmitted by sexual contact/shared needles/saliva/tears, prevented by vaccine |
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Term
| What is anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
| Chronic self-induced weight loss, genetic basis, may die of starvation, treated by psychotherapy and diet regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binge-purge syndrome, overeating followed by exercise/emesis/laxatives |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intestinal growling, gases moving through intestines |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gallbladder inflammation, blocked cystic duct by bile stones or autoimmune attack |
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Term
|
Definition
| Colon-rectum mucous membrane inflammation, autoimmune condition, causes diarrhea/cramps/bloody stools |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surgical stoma produced in body wall, diverts feces from anus to collection bag |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of intestine, especially SI |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belching, release of stomach gas, chronic belching usually not sign of disease but a learned behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gas expelled through anus, from carbonated drinks/swallowing air/smoking/fermentation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protrusion of all or part of organ through membrane, diaphragmatic or inguinal most common |
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Term
| What are the 2 inflammatory bowel diseases? |
|
Definition
| Chron's disease and Ulcerative colitis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
| Large intestine inflammation and bleeding |
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|
Term
| What is irritable bowel syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Stress induced, alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Poor fit of upper and lower teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Foodborne, wound is infected by Clostridium botulinum, in infants they can consume spores of C. botulinum which grow in intestines and release the toxin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Painful mucous membrane ulcer, females more susceptible than males, may be food allergy or autoimmune reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged/scarred liver, caused by chronic inflammation |
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Term
| What are the benefits of alcohol consumption? |
|
Definition
| Moderate drinking may stave off mental decline, may result in lower coronary risk, may increase angiogenesis in tumors, overall alcohol is more negative than positive |
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Term
| What are treatments for nausea and vomiting? |
|
Definition
| Drink small amounts of clear sweetened liquids, no solid food, rest |
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