Term
| What are all objects made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances |
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Term
| 4 most abundant elements in organisms |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest piece of element that still remains an element, made of subatomic particles |
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Term
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Definition
charge: +1
nucleus
mass: 1 |
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Term
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Definition
Charge: 0
Mass: 1
Nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Charge: -1
Mass: 0.00055
Surrounding nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons in atomic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Total number of neutrons and protons in atomic nucleus |
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Term
| Determine number of protons, neutrons or electrons based on atomic number, mass number |
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Definition
#Protons+#Neutrons=Mass#
Mass#-#Protons=#Neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of the atomic nucleus in some unstable isotopes |
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Term
How is radioactivity helpful?
harmful? |
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Definition
Helpful: Cancer Treatment and PET scans
Harmful: Damages DNA and destroys cells |
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Term
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Definition
An atom that has gained or lost elements
(cation +) (anion -) |
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Term
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Definition
| Area around atomic nucleus where specific number of electrons move |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more atoms linked together by a bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules |
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Term
| Inert atom vs. reactive atom |
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Definition
Inert: Full outer shell, stable and happy
Reactive: Vacant spots in outer shells |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms share electrons equally, neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| Share electrons unequally, neutral but has positive and negative poles |
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Term
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Definition
| Form among ions of opposite charge (gain or lose electron) |
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Term
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Definition
| Attractive forces between certain polar molecules |
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Term
| Define and give examples of potential energy |
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Definition
Stored energy, potential to do work
ex: gravity |
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Term
| Define and give examples of kinetic energy |
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Definition
| Movement energy, does work (wood) |
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Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Law of conversion of energy) |
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Definition
| Energy cannot normally be created or destroyed, only converted to other forces. The total amount stays the same in a closed system. |
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Term
| Second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Conversion decreases useful energy; disordered heat energy increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of order and useful energy, increase in disorder all the time |
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Term
| Order/ Disorder: Which is natural? |
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Definition
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Term
| Order/Disorder: Which requires energy to maintain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process where chemical bonds are broken and reformed to create new molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Reactants: Starting molecules
Products: Product molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy requirede to trigger any reaction |
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Term
| Define endergonic reaction |
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Definition
| requires net input of energy; products gain energy |
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Term
| Define exergonic reaction |
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Definition
| Releases energy from reactants |
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Term
| Role of energy-carrier molecules |
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Definition
| Capture energy released from one reaction and transfer it to another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is energy captured in ATP? |
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Definition
| Phosphate and energy added to ATP |
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Term
| How is energy released in ATP? |
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Definition
| When phosphate is removed and used to power cell activities |
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Term
| Electrons in electron carriers: |
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Definition
| transport electrons and hydrogen ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy released in an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| speeds up rate of reaction but is not changed by it |
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Term
| How does a catalyst speed up reactions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Biological catalyst for specific reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized groove or pocket on an enzyme where substrates bind to speed up reaction
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe enzyme-substrate complex |
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Definition
| Substrate bound to enzyme active site |
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Term
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Definition
| All chemical reactions in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of reactions where product of one reaction is reactant of the next until product is made |
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Term
| 3 ways to regulate pathway |
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Definition
1)Regulate enzyme synthesis from genes
2)Enzymes with active/ inactive forms
3) Use enzyme inhibitors |
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Term
| Define competitive inhibiton |
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Definition
| Binds directly to active site preventing substrate from attaching to enzyme |
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Term
| Define noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibiton |
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Definition
| binds to area other than active site, distorts it so it no longer binds |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of enzymes functional shape |
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Term
| What denatures an enzyme? |
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Definition
| Extreme temperature, PH or salt in a cell |
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Term
| How can a cell maintain order? |
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Definition
| BY using a continuous influx of solar light energy to synthesize complex molecules and maintian their intricate bodies |
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