Term
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Definition
| a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular |
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Term
| how the 4 primary tissues differ from each other |
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Definition
Types and functions of their cells
Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material)
Relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix |
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Term
| what matrix (extracellular material)is made of |
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Definition
-Fibrous proteins
-Clear gel called ground substance
Also known as tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel |
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Term
| the three primary germ layers |
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Definition
ectoderm (outer)
endoderm (inner)
mesoderm (middle) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things |
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Term
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Definition
Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix
Gives rise to muscle, bone, blood |
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Term
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Definition
tissue is rubbed across a slide
Example: blood |
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Term
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Definition
some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide
Example: areolar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
(does not have blood vessels)
Usually nourished by underlying connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Contain one layer of cells
Named by shape of cells
All cells touch basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Contain more than one layer
Named by shape of apical cells
Some cells rest on top of others
and do not touch basement
membrane |
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Term
| epithelia with only one layer |
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Definition
Simple squamous (thin, scaly cells)
Simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
Simple columnar (tall, narrow cells)
Pseudostratified columnar |
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Term
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Definition
| wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelia |
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Definition
Single row of thin cells
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
Secretes serous fluid
Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelia |
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Definition
Single layer of square or round cells
Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelia |
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Definition
Single row of tall, narrow cells
Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes |
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Term
| pseudostratified epithelia |
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Definition
Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
Nuclei at several layers
Has cilia and goblet cells
Secretes and propels mucus
Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most widespread epithelium in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| found on skin surface, abrasion resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks surface layer of dead cells |
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Term
| keratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface
Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
Locations: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized |
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Term
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
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Definition
Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina |
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Term
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
Secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules |
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Term
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Definition
Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
Allows for filling of urinary tract
Locations: ureter and bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| produce fibers and ground substance of matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesize antibodies (proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
often found alongside blood vessels
Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
Secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels |
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Term
| the fibers of fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
collagenous
reticular
elastic |
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Term
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Definition
Long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars and uronic acid (disaccharides)
Regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Much gel-like ground substance between cells
Types
Areolar
Reticular |
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Term
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Definition
Fibers fill spaces between cells
Types vary in fiber orientation
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space |
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Term
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Definition
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels
Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow |
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Term
| dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
Compressed fibroblast nuclei
Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations
Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together |
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Term
| dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells
Withstands unpredictable stresses
Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs |
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Term
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Definition
| main type (only fat in adults) |
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Term
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Definition
| in fetuses, infants, children |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities) |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage) |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage) |
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Term
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Definition
No blood vessels
Diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes
Heals slowly |
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Term
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Definition
Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
Locations: articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers
Covered with perichondrium
Provides flexible, elastic support
Locations: external ear and epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers
Resists compression and absorbs shock
Locations: pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
| calcified connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
porous appearance
Delicate struts of bone: trabeculae
Covered by compact bone
Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum |
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Term
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Definition
denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces
More complex arrangement
Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| arranged in cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Onion-like layers around each central canal |
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Term
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Definition
| central canal and its surrounding lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
| mature bone cells within lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other |
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Term
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Definition
| tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
Protect and assist neurons
“Housekeepers” of nervous system
More numerous than neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Detect stimuli
Respond quickly
Transmit coded information rapidly to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
(cell body)
Houses nucleus and other organelles
Controls protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Multiple short, branched processes
Receive signals from other cells
Transmit messages to neurosoma |
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Term
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Definition
(nerve fiber)
Sends outgoing signals to other cells
Can be more than a meter long |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of muscle fibers—long thin cells |
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Term
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Definition
Limited to the heart
Myocytes or cardiocytes are branched, shorter than skeletal muscle fibers
Contain one centrally located nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Made of fusiform myocytes lacking striations
Cells are relatively short and have one central nucleus
Involuntary function
Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs |
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Term
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Definition
| connections between two cells |
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Term
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Definition
| linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap) |
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Term
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Definition
| half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by ring-like connexons |
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Term
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Definition
| cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct |
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Term
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Definition
| have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue covering of exocrine gland |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions of capsule that divide interior of gland into compartments (lobes and lobules) |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue framework of the gland |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
Tubular: narrow secretory portion
Acinar: secretory cells form dilated sac (acinus or alveolus)
Tubuloacinar: both tubular and acinar portions |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce thin, watery secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| Release whole cells (sperm and egg cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| (used by eccrine glands) uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate |
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Term
| cutaneous membrane (the skin) |
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Definition
| largest membrane in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| lines passages that open to the external environment (example: digestive tract) |
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Term
| sublayers of mucous membrane |
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Definition
| epithelium, lamina propria (areolar tissue), muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| growth through cell multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing from one type of mature tissue to another |
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Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| can develop into any type of cell in the embryo (but not accessory organs of pregnancy) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number |
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Term
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Definition
| pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body |
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