Floor of the cranial cavity, part of the temporal bone

Triangular part, located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones

Houses the internal ear and the middle ear

Contains the carotid foramen

posterior to the carotid formen and anterior to the occiptial bone,

Passageway for the jugular vein

oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum

Articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebrae (atlas) to form the atlanto-occipital joint

inferior to the superior nuchal lines, lateral to the external occipital protuberance

Area of muscle attachment

LIes at the middle part of the base of the skull

Keystone of the cranial floor, Articulates with all the other cranial bones

Lies posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavity

Forms part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the orbits

Shaped like a butterfly with outstretched wings

Depression in the Sella turcica, seat of the saddle

Contains the pituitary gland

Project laterally from the body of the sphenoid bone, form the anterolateral floor of the cranium

Form the lateral wall of the skull, anterior to the temporal bone

smaller wings of the sphenoid bone, form a ridge of bone anterior and superior to the greater wings

Form part of the floor of the cranium and the posterior portion of the orbit of the eye

between the body and lesser wing, just anterior to the sells turcica

Optic (II) nerve and ophthalmic artery pass through this foramen

Lateral to the body, between the greater and lesser wings

Blood vessels and cranial nerves pass through this fissure

Project inferiorly from the points where the body and greater wings of the sphenoid bone unite

Form the lateral posterior regoin of the nasal cavity

Some muscles of the mandible attach here

Bound anteriorly by the sphenoid bone and medially by the sphenoid and occipital bones

Transmits a branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery

At the junction of the anterior and medial parts of the sphenoid bone

maxillar branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve passes through here

Spongelike in appearance

Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits

Anterior to the sphenoid

Posterior to the nasal bones

Forms: part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor; medial wall of the orbits; superior portion of the nasal septum; most of the superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity

Forms the roof of the nasal cavity

lies in the anterior floor of the cranium

Contains the olfactory foramina

Projects superiorly from the cribriform plate

Triangular process

serves as a point of attachment for the membranes that seperate the two sides of the brain

projects inferiorly from the cribriform plate

Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

Compose most of the wall between the nasal cavity and the orbits

Part of the ethmoid bone

Contain 3-18 air spaces called ethmoidal cells and 2 thin, scroll-shaped projections lateral to the nasal septum called superior nasal concha (turbinate) or the middle nasal concha (turbinate)

2 thin, scroll-shaped projection lateral to the nasal septum

Greatly increase the vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity

Cause inhaled air to swirl, which helps clean the air

Superior- located near the olfactory foramina- increase the surface area for the sense of smell

Paired bones that form the upper jawbone

Articulate with every face bone except the mandible

Form part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity and most of the hard palate

bony roof of the mouth

Formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae mouth and horizontal plates of the palatine bones; seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Empties into the nasal cavity

Found in both maxilla

Arch that contains the alveoli (sockets for the maxillary (upper) teeth in the Maxilla bone

and the mandibular (lower) teeth in the Mandible bone

opening in the maxilla inferior to the orbit

Allows passage of the infraorbital nerve and blood vessels and a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal (V) nerve

just posterior to the incisor teeth

Transmits branches of the greater palatine blood vessels and nasopalatine nerve

Cheekbones- form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit

Articulate with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal bones

thin and roughly resemble a fingernail in size and shape

Smallest bones of the face

Posterior and lateral to the nasal bones and form a part of the medial wall of each orbit

vertical grove formed with the maxilla in the lacrimal bones

houses the lacrimal sac

inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone

Seperate bones not a part of the ethmoid bone

scroll-like bones form the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity

Roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity

articulates superiorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and and inferiorly with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline

Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Lower jawbone: Largest, strongest facial bone

curved horizontal portion= body

2 perpendicular portions=rami

Where the ramus meets the body=angle

Where the temporalis muscle attaches

anterior to the condylar process

Located on the medial surface of each ramus

Beginning of the mandibular canal

Passes obliquely in the ramus and anteriorly to the body

Inferior alveolar nerves and blood vessels pass through this canal and are distributed to the mandibular teeth

Divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

Consists of bone and cartilage

The anterior border of the vomer articulates with the septal cartilage (hyaline cartilage) to form the anterior portion of the septum

Superior border of vomer articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the remainder of the nasal septum

7 bones make up the orbit (3 cranium, 4 facial)

1.frontal

2. sphenoid

3. ethmoid

4. palatine

5. zygomatic

6. lacrimal

7. maxilla

1.Optic foramen (canal)

2. superior orbital fissure

3. inferior orbital fissure

4. Supraorbital foramen

5. lacrimal fossa

cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity

Lined with mucous membranes

Develop during the prepubescent years

Soft spots: mesencyme-filled spaces between the cranial bones

eventually be replaced by intramembranous ossification to become sutures

6 constant fontanels at birth: anterior, posterior, paired anterolateral, paired posterolateral

Largest fontanel located at the midline between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone, roughly diamond shaped

Closes 18-24 month after birth

Located at the midline between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone

Closes at about 2 months

Located laterally between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

Small and irregular in shape

Close at about 3 months

Located laterally between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones

Irregularly shaped

Begin to close 1-2 months but not complete until 12 months

u-shaped, does not articulate with any other bone

Suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone

Supports the tongue

Attachment sites for some tongue muscles and muscles of the neck and pharynx

Keeps larynx open at all times

Consists of a horizontal body and paired projections call lesser horns and greater horns

consists of 26 vertebrae

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

1 coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

surounds the spinal column

Cervical and lumbar curves are convex (bulgging out)

Thoracic and sacral curves are concave (cupping in)

Increase strength, help maintain balance in the upright position, absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture

Form during fetal development

Thoracic and sacral curves

Cervical and lumbar curves

form several months after birth

Conditions sometimes exaggerate the normal curves of the vertebral column

ex. kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis

found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum

Form strong joints that permit various movements of the vertebral column and absorb shock

Consists of an outer ring, annulus fibrosus, and and inner substance, nucleus pulposis

Thick disc-shaped anterior portion

Weight-bearing part of a vertebra

Superior and inferior surfaces roughed for the attachment of cartilaginous intervertebral disc

Anterior and lateral surfaces contain nutrient foramina

two short thick processes that project posteriorly from the vertebral body

Unite with the flat laminae to form the vertebral arch

contains the spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue, and blood vessels

Formed from the vertebral arch and the body of the vertebra

Articulating surfaces of the articular processes

Covered with hyaline cartilage

C1-C7

Smaller than all other vertrbrae except those that form the coccyx

Vertebral arches are larger

C1

First cervical vertebra inferior to the skull

Anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses

No body of spinous process

Superior surfaces of the lateral masses of the Atlas (C1)

They are concave and articulate with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone to form the Atlanto-occipital joints

inferior surfaces of the lateral masses of the Atlas (C1)

Articulate with the second cervical vertebra

Second cervical vertebra (C2)

Has a body and dens

AKA odontoid process

Projects superiorly throughthe anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas

Provides a pivot on which the atlas and head rotate (allows "no" movement)

C7- seventh cervical vertebra

Single large spinous process that may be felt at the base of the neck

T1-T12

Larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae

Have larger and longer transverse processes

Articulate with the ribs

Have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs (T1-T10)

Have either facets or demifacets for articulation with the heads of the ribs

Movement limited by the attachment of the ribs to the sternum

(L1-L5)

Largest and strongest of unfused bones

Projections are short and thick

Superior articular processes directed medially instead of superiorly

Inferior articular processes directed laterally instead of inferiorly

Spinous processes quadrilateral in shape, thick and broad, and project nearly straight posteriorly

Attachment site of large back muscles

Triangular bone formed by the union of 5 sacral vertebrae

Positioned at the posterior portion of the pelvic cavity  and medial to the hip bones

Serves as strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

4 smooth lines on the anterior side of the sacrum

Mark the joining of the sacral vertebral bodies

Smooth surface of the lateral portion of the superior surface of the sacrum

Formed by the fused transverse processes of the first sacral vertebra

Convex, posterior surface of the sacrum

Formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

Inferior entrance to the vertebral canal

Formed by the laminae of the S5 and sometimes S4 failing to meet

Found on either side of the sacral hiatus

Inferior articular processes of the S5

Connected by ligaments to the coccyx

Anteriorly projecting border of the base

one of the points used for measuring the pelvis

Found on both lateral surfaces of the sacrum

Large and ear-shaped

Articulates with the ilium of each hip bone to form the sacroiliac joint

Posterior to the auricular surface

Rough surface

Contains deep depressions for the attachment of ligaments

Triangular shape

Formed by the fusion of usually 4 coccygeal vertebrae (Co1-Co4)

Fuses between the ages of 20-30

Articulates superiorly with the apex of the sacrum

Points inferiorly in women to allow the passage of child and anteriorly in males

Found on the dorsal body of the coccyx

Connected by ligaments to the sacral cornua

Pedicles and superior articular processes of the first coccygeal vertebra

Skeletal part of the thorax

Formed by the sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages, bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

superior part of the sternum

Articulates with clavicles, costal cartilages of the first and second ribs

middle and largest part

Articulates with costal cartilage of the 2nd-10th ribs either directly or indirectly

inferior, smaller part

Provides attachment point for some abdominal muscles

Does not completely ossify until age 40

lateral to the suprasternal notch on the manubrium

Articulates with the medial ends of the clavicles

1-12 pairs

Give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity

Articulates posteriorly with the thoracic vertebra

Strip of hyaline cartilage in ribs 1-7 that directly attach the ribs to the sternum

Provide elasticity of the thoracic cage and prevent various blows from fracturing the sternum and ribs

Last 5 ribs

Costal cartilage either indirectly attaches to the sternum or do not attach at all

Ribs 11 and 12

Costal cartilage does not attach to the sternum at all

inner surface of the rib

protects blood vessels and a small nerve

Spaces between ribs

House intercostal muscles, blood vessels, and nerves