Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
forerunner of most bones
Covers many joint surfaces of mature bone |
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Definition
| hold bones together at joints |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
support
protection
movement |
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Term
| electrolyte balance by skeleton |
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Definition
| calcium and phosphate levels |
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Term
| acid base balance by skeleton |
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Definition
| buffers blood against large pH changes by altering phosphate and carbonate salt levels |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals |
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Term
| mineralization/calcification |
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Definition
| the hardening process of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| dense outer shell of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely organized bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Found in center of ends and center of shafts of long bones and in middle of nearly all others
Covered by more durable compact bone |
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Term
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Definition
| shaft that provides leverage |
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Term
| medullary (marrow) cavity |
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Definition
| space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
enlarged ends of a long bone
Strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface; allows joint to move more freely |
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Term
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Definition
| minute holes in bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate |
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Term
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Definition
| external sheath covering most of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity |
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Term
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Definition
area of hyaline cartilage that separates epiphyses and diaphyses of children’s bones
GROWTH PLATE |
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Term
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Definition
| in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be |
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Term
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Definition
| spongy middle layer of bone |
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Term
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Definition
Osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas
Increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which limits the growth of adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny cavities where osteocytes reside |
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Term
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Definition
| little channels that connect lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter |
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Term
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Definition
synthesized by osteoblasts
Collagen, carbohydrate–protein complexes, such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt)
10% calcium carbonate
Other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium) |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of a ceramic and a polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydroxyapatite and other minerals are the ceramic and collagen (protein) is the polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease caused by mineral deficiency and resulting in soft, deformed bones |
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Term
| Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) |
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Definition
| results from a defect in collagen deposition |
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Term
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Definition
Lattice of bone covered with endosteum
Slivers of bone called spicules
Thin plates of bone called trabeculae
Spaces filled with red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| Few osteons and no central canals |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides strength with minimal weight |
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Term
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Definition
| soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone |
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Term
| red marrow (myeloid tissue) |
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Definition
Contains hemopoietic tissue—produces blood cells
In nearly every bone in a child
In adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur |
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Term
| yellow marrow (in adults) |
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Definition
Fatty marrow that does not produce blood
Can transform back to red marrow in the event of chronic anemia |
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Term
| Ossification or osteogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
| two methods of bone development |
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Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle in fetus
Thickens long bones throughout life |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone
Cartilage limited to the articular cartilage covering each joint surface, and to the epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| By late teens to early 20s, all remaining cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed |
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Term
| two directions bones grow in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage transitions to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| zone of transition facing the marrow cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Long bones stop growing in childhood
Normal torso, short limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of growth hormone
Normal proportions with short stature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (absorption and deposition) occurs throughout life—10% of skeleton per year |
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Term
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Definition
| architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a calculus (calcified mass) in an otherwise soft organ such as a lung, brain, eye, muscle, tendon, or artery (arteriosclerosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete hydrogen into space between osteoclast and bone surface |
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Term
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Definition
| follow by electrical attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| (pH 4) dissolves bone minerals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Normal calcium concentration in blood plasma is _______ mg/dL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
deficient calcium in blood
Caused by vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, underactive parathyroid glands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| depends on a balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges between osseous tissue |
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Term
| hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
| Calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
most active form of vitamin D
RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL
necessary for bone deposition
CAUSES RICKETS/OSTEOMALACIA IF LOW |
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Term
| ________adds hydroxyl group converting that to calcidiol |
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Definition
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Term
| ______adds hydroxyl group converting that to calcitriol |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| calcitonin lowers calcium level by: |
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Definition
Inhibits osteoclasts thereby reducing bone resorption
Stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone |
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Term
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Definition
| May inhibit bone loss in pregnant and lactating women |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by parathyroid glands on posterior surface of thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
released when calcium levels low in blood
raises calcium blood level by four mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| branch of medicine dealing with prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone (example: in a fall) |
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Term
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Definition
| break in a bone weakened by disease (such as bone cancer or osteoporosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| normally used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common bone disease |
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Term
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Definition
| deformity of spine due to vertebral bone loss |
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