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| The genetic alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the transfer of foreign DNA. |
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| A virus capable of infecting a bacterial cell, and may cause lysis to its host cell. |
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| The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
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| the specific hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines in double stranded nucleic acids. |
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| A complex of nucleic acids (e.g. DNA or RNA) and proteins (histones), which condenses to form a chromosome during cell division. In eukaryotic cells, it is found within the cell nucleus. |
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| proteins that DNA tightly coils around to form chromosomes. |
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| The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA. |
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| enzyme that catalyzes the process of reverse transcription. |
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| The fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity. |
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| A type of RNA that carries the code or chemical blueprint for a specific protein. In the early stages of protein synthesis, the mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template during transcription. |
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| A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from DNA to the protein-forming system of the cell. |
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| Short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell. |
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| it is the process of making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases. |
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| an enzyme that is responsible for making RNA from a DNA template. |
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| A site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA. |
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| a noncoding sequence of DNA within a gene, that is transcribed into hnRNA but is then cut out of the message by RNA splicing in the nucleus, leaving a mature mRNA that is then translated in the cytoplasm. |
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| The protein-coding region in the DNA. |
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| A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding anticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis. |
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| A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA. |
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| a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation phase of protein synthesis. |
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| A group of genes or a segment of DNA that functions as a single transcription unit. It is comprised of an operator, a promoter, and one or more structural genes that are transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA. |
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| A segment of DNA where the repressor binds to, thereby preventing the transcription of certain genes. |
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| The normal process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to become more distinct in form and function. |
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| any of the developmental control genes involved in establishing the anterior-posterior axis and the identity of each body segment in organisms, especially during early embryonic development. |
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| A mutation in DNA or RNA molecule involving a change of only one nucleotide base. |
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| A type of gene mutation wherein the addition or deletion of (a number of) nucleotide(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA, thus, may eventually lead to the alteration in the amino acid sequence at protein translation. |
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an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
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| permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome. |
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