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Chapter 12 Vocabulary
The First Cities and States
18
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2013

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Term
State
Definition
society with government, administrative spcialization, and social classes
Term
Multivariate
Definition
involving multiple factors, causes, or variables
Term
Empire
Definition
mature state that is large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive
Term
Mesopotamia
Definition
area where earliest states developed, between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Term
Halafian
Definition
early (7500-6500 B.P.) widespread Mesopotamian pottery style
Term
Egalitarian Society
Definition
society with rudimentary status distinctions
Term
Ranked Society
Definition
society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification
Term
Stratification
Definition
presence of social divisions - strata - with unequal wealth and power
Term
Chiefdom
Definition
ranked society with two- or three-level settlement hierarchy
Term
Primary States
Definition
states arising through competition among chiefdoms
Term
Cuneiform
Definition
early Mesopotamian wedge-shaped writing, using stylus on clay
Term
Metallurgy
Definition
extraction and processing of metals to make tools
Term
Smelting
Definition
high-temperature extraction of metal from ore
Term
Bronze
Definition
alloy of copper and arsenic or tin
Term
Zapotec State
Definition
first Mesoamerican state, in the Valley of Oaxaca
Term
Teotihuacan
Definition
first valley of Mexico state (100-700 C.E.); earliest Mesoamerican empire
Term
Settlement Hierarchy
Definition
communities with varying size, function, and building types
Term
Aztec
Definition
last independent Valley of Mexico state (1325-1520 C.E.-Spanish Conquest)
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