Term
| The spinal cord and spinal nerves |
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Definition
| nerves contribute to homeostasis by providing quick, reflective responses to many external and internal stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| is the pathway for sensory input to the brain and motor output from the brain. |
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Term
nVertebrae
nMeninges
nCerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| Protective Structures of Spinal Cord |
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Term
| vertebral canal of vertebral column |
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Definition
| Spinal cord is located within |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by vertebral foramina of vertebrae stacked on top of each other |
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Term
| Meninges (pl); Meninx (sing.) |
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Definition
nThree connective tissue coverings that surround spinal cord and brain |
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Term
Dura Mater (“tough mother”)
n2. Arachnoid Mater (“spider-like mother”)n
3. Pia Mater (“delicate mother”)
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Definition
| Meninges (pl); Meninx (sing.) |
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Term
| Dura Mater (“tough mother”) |
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Definition
qOutermost meninx
qComposed of dense irregular connective tissue
qForms a sac from foramen magnum to second sacral vertebra
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Term
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Definition
qspace containing fat and connective tissue between dura mater and wall of vertebral canal
nCushions spinal cord |
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Term
nInjection of anesthetic in epidural space |
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Definition
nAffects only spinal nerves in immediate area of injection
nProvides mainly sensory anesthesia |
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Term
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Definition
nInjection of anesthetics in epidural space of sacrum
nParalyzes and anesthetizes lower abdominal and perineal structures
nUsed to control pain during labor and delivery |
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Term
| Arachnoid Mater (“spider-like mother”) |
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Definition
qMiddle meninx
qSpider web arrangement of delicate collagen and elastic fibers
qAvascular |
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Term
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Definition
| thin space containing interstitial fluid between dura mater and arachnoid mater |
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Term
| Pia Mater (“delicate mother”) |
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Definition
qInnermost meninx
qThin, transparent connective tissue layer that directly touches surface of brain and spinal cord
qContains lots of blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| contains CSF that serves as a shock absorber and suspension system for brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| the medulla oblongata (inferior part of brain) to the superior border of L2 (second lumbar vertebra) |
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Definition
| In adults the spinal cord extends from |
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Term
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Definition
| Length of adult spinal cord is |
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Term
| 2 cm (0.75 in) in midthoracic region |
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Definition
| diameter of the spinal cord is |
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Term
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement |
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Definition
| Two enlargements of spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| (C4 - T1 vertebrae): nerves to and from upper limbs arise here |
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Term
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Definition
| (T9 - T12 vertebrae): nerves to and from lower limbs arise here |
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Term
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Definition
| spinal cord terminates in this tapering, conical structure between L1 and L2 vertebra |
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Term
| Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture |
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Definition
nProcedure where a long needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space (after local anesthetic given!) |
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Term
nNormally inserted in adults between vertebrae L3 and L4 or L4 and L5 |
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Definition
| Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture inserted where |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal meninges are present between vertebrae L2 through S2, BUT THE SPINAL CORD IS |
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Term
nWithdraw CSF for diagnostic purposes such as meningitis (inflammation of meninges)
qCaused by virus (will resolve on its own) or bacteria (more serious; fatal if not treated promptly with antibiotics)
nIntroduce antibiotics
nMeasure CSF pressure |
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Definition
| Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture uses |
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Term
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Definition
| are paths of communication between spinal cord and specific regions of body |
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Term
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Definition
nhow many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord through intervertebral foramina of vertebrae |
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Term
q(C1 – C8)
nC1–C7 exit vertebral canal above their corresponding vertebrae
nC1 emerges between occipital bone and atlas
nC8 exits between vertebrae C7 and T1 |
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Definition
| 8 pairs of cervical nerves |
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Term
qnerves (T1 – T12)
nExit vertebral column below their corresponding vertebrae |
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Definition
| 12 pairs of thoracic nerves |
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Term
q(L1 – L5)
nExit vertebral column below their corresponding vertebrae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
q(Co1)
nRoots of spinal nerves S1 – S5 and Co1 enter the sacral canal (part of vertebral canal in sacrum (Fig. 7.21)
nSpinal nerves S1 – S4 exit sacral canal via anterior and posterior sacral foramina on sacrum |
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Definition
| 1 pair of coccygeal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| (“horse’s tail): the roots of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves hang inferiorly from end of spinal cord like wisps of hair |
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Term
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Definition
| two bundles of axons connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| contains sensory axons, which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS |
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Term
| Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion |
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Definition
| swelling on posterior root which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| contains motor neuron axons which conduct nerve impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) No ganglion! |
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Term
nSpinal nerve = Mixed nerve |
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Definition
| Posterior and anterior root unite to from a |
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Term
Spinal nerve = Mixed nerve
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Definition
Contains both sensory and motor axons!!!!!
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of myelinated axons of neurons |
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Term
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus |
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Definition
| Two grooves penetrate white matter of spinal cord and divide it into right and left sides |
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Term
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Definition
White matter of spinal cord is organized into regions called columns which contain distinct bundles of axons called
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Term
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Definition
| White matter of spinal cord is organized into regions called |
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Term
nAnterior (ventral) column
nPosterior (dorsal) column
nLateral column |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia
Shaped like the letter H or a butterfly in spinal cord
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small space within center of gray commissure; extends entire length of spinal cord and contains CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| Gray matter is subdivided into regions called |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and axons of incoming sensory neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
Contains somatic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles)
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Term
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Definition
Only present in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord
Contains autonomic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands)
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Term
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Definition
| consists of many individual axons and layers of protective tissue coverings. |
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Term
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Definition
Axons of spinal nerves, except for T2-T12, do Not go directly to the body structures they supply.
Spinal nerves T2 - T12, known as intercostal or thoracic nerves directly supply intercostal and abdominal muscles and the overlying skin.
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Term
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Definition
| axons are rearranged into new nerves |
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Term
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Definition
qCervical nerves C1-C5.
nSupplies:
qSkin and muscles of head and neck; diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| which supplies motor fibers to diaphragm e.g. it causes contraction of diaphragm. |
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Term
| respiratory arrest Breathing stops because the phrenic nerves can no longer send nerve impulses to the diaphragm. |
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Definition
nSevering of the spinal cord above level C3 causes |
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Term
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Definition
nOrigin:
qC5-C8 & T1
nSupplies:
qMuscles of shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, fingers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Origin:
L1-L4
Supplies:
Muscles and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs.
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Term
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Definition
Largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus
Supplies thigh flexors (iliacus), leg extensors (quadriceps femoris), and leg flexors (sartorius)
Injury to femoral nerve from gunshot or stab wound results in inability to extend leg and loss of sensation of skin over anteromedial aspect of thigh
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Term
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Definition
is situated anterior to the sacrum
Origin:
L4-L5 and S1-S4.
Supplies:
Skin and muscles of buttocks, perineum, leg and foot
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Term
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Definition
Largest nerve in the body!
Combination of two nerves that splits over the knee: common fibular and tibial
Descends through thigh and supplies hamstring muscles
Tibial branch: gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
Common fibular branches: tibialis anterior muscle
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Term
| compression of sciatic nerve |
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Definition
| Most common form of back pain is caused by |
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Term
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Definition
| pain that may extend from the buttock down the posterior and lateral side of leg and lateral side of foot |
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Term
| herniated disc, dislocated hip, pressure from uterus during pregnancy, inflammation, irritation, etc. |
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Definition
| Sciatic nerve is injured due to |
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Term
| the common fibular portion from fractures of fibula or by pressure from casts or splints |
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Definition
| Majority of sciatic nerve injuries is to the |
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