Term
|
Definition
| The study of the structure of body parts and their relation to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the functions of body parts, explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of gross anatomy? |
|
Definition
1. Regional anatomy
2. Systemic anatomy
3. Surface anatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of all body structures in a given body region (a type of gross anatomy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of all structures in a body system (a type of gross anatomy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
|
|
Term
| What's microscopic anatomy? |
|
Definition
| The study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of microscopic anatomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of individual cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's developmental anatomy? |
|
Definition
| The study of the changes in the body structures over the course of a lifetime. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three specialized branches of anatomy? |
|
Definition
1. Pathological anatomy
2. Radiographic anatomy
3. Molecular biology |
|
|
Term
| What's pathological anatomy? |
|
Definition
| the study of structural changes associated with disease |
|
|
Term
| What's radiographic anatomy? |
|
Definition
| the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques |
|
|
Term
| What's molecular biology? |
|
Definition
| The study of biological molecules |
|
|
Term
| Explain the principle of "completmentarity of structure and function." |
|
Definition
| It states that function is dependent on structure, and that the form of structure relates to its functions. Anatomy and physiology naturally belong together; the study of one complements the other. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the "reference man." |
|
Definition
| A healthy, 22-year-old male weighing 155 pounds |
|
|
Term
| Describe the "reference woman" |
|
Definition
| A healthy, 22-year-old woman weighing 125 pounds |
|
|
Term
| What are some tools for studying anatomy? |
|
Definition
1. mastery of the terminology
2. observation
3. manipulation/palpation (feeling organs in a living person
4. auscultation (listening to organs with a stethoscope) |
|
|
Term
| What provides a static image of the body's architecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reveals the body's dynamic and animated nature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physiology has several topics, most of which consider the _________ of specific organ systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physiology often focuses on what two types of events? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____________ level is the simplest level of structural organization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules combine in specific ways to form ______________, which are the basic unit of living cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The basic unit of living cells |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of the renal system? |
|
Definition
| kidney function and urine production |
|
|
Term
| What's the basic function of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What's the basic function of neurophysiology? |
|
Definition
| the workings of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physics explains what three things in physiology? |
|
Definition
1. electrical currents
2. blood pressure
3. the way muscle uses bone for movement |
|
|
Term
| What a structure can do depends on its specific _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 levels of structural organization, going from simplest to most complex? |
|
Definition
1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organismal |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main types of tissues? |
|
Definition
1. epithelium
2. muscle
3. connective
4. nervous |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of the epithelium? |
|
Definition
| It covers the body's surfaces and lines its cavities. |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the function of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| It supports and protects the body's organs. |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
| It provides a means of rapid internal communication through electrical impulses. |
|
|
Term
| __________ are tiny building blocks of matter that combine to form molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ combine in specific ways to form organelles, which are the basic unit of living _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ level is the smallest unit of life and varies widely in size and shape according to the cell's function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ level is groups of cells having a common function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ level is made up of discrete structures that are composed of at least two groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ ___________ level is a group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a specific purpose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______________ level is the total of all structures working together to promote life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 necessary life functions for ALL living beings? |
|
Definition
1. maintaining boundaries
2. movement
3. responsiveness or irritability
4. digestion
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7. reproduction
8. growth |
|
|
Term
| Why is it necessary for living organisms to maintain boundaries? |
|
Definition
| It allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments, or separate internal chemical environments |
|
|
Term
| Why is it necessary for living organisms to have movement? |
|
Definition
| movement allows the organism to travel through the environment to eat and allows the transport of molecules within the organism |
|
|
Term
| What's responsiveness or irritability? |
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism to detect changes in the internal or external environment and repond to them |
|
|
Term
| What's responsiveness or irritability? |
|
Definition
| the ability of an organism to detect changes in the internal or external environment and repond to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of breaking down food into molecules that are usable by the body |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism includes all ____________ reactions that occur in the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of removing wastes from the body |
|
|
Term
| _________________ is the process of producing more cells or organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in body parts or the whole organism |
|
|
Term
| List the five survival needs of a living organism. |
|
Definition
1. nutrients
2. oxygen
3. water
4. normal body temperature
5. normal range of atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumed chemical substances that are used for energy and cell building |
|
|
Term
| ____________ is required by the chemical reactions that release energy from foods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most abundant chemical substance in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is water an important survival need for living beings? |
|
Definition
| water provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions and excretions. |
|
|
Term
| Why is normal body temperature a survival need? |
|
Definition
| It's required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate. |
|
|
Term
| ______________ must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of environmental changes |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis is a word coined by Walter Cannon, a 20th century physiologist. The word means __________ of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal environment of the body is in a constant state of ________________. |
|
Definition
| equilibrium (like a teeter totter) |
|
|
Term
| What three factors interact to maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1. chemical factors
2. thermal factors
3. neural factors |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the body is water weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's normal body temperature? |
|
Definition
98.6 degrees F
37 degrees C |
|
|
Term
| Homeostatis is from the greek works ___________ and __________, meaning ____________. |
|
Definition
"homo" meaning same
"stasis" meaning standing still |
|
|
Term
| The homeostatic responses of the body are regulated by the combined effects of what two control systems? |
|
Definition
1. nervous system
2. endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ system sends electrical messages to control events on a millisecond basis, with very specific effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ system uses chemical messages to control events on a minute, hour, daily, monthly, etc. basis, with longer-term and more widespread effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms? |
|
Definition
1. receptor
2. control center
3. effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some type of sensor that responds to changes (stimuli) it receives |
|
|
Term
| The _________ __________ determines the set point at which the variable in maintained. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an effector do? |
|
Definition
| It provides the means to respond to stimuli. |
|
|
Term
| The _________ approaches the control center, while the ___________ exits the control center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stimuli flows from the ________ to the ____________ through the afferent pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The control center sends the __________ to the effector organism, like a muscle or a gland, using the ___________ pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a variable in homeostatis? |
|
Definition
| the regulated factor or event |
|
|
Term
| What's a receptor in homeostatic control mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| a structure that monitors changes in the environment and sends information to the control center. |
|
|
Term
| What's a control center in homeostatic control mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| a structure that determines the set point for a variable, analyzes input and coordinates an appropriate response |
|
|
Term
| Most homeostatic control mechanisms are _____________ feedback mechanisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a negative feedback mechanism do? |
|
Definition
| It causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change. |
|
|
Term
| What's the goal of negative feedback mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| To prevent sudden, severe changes in the body |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of room temperature using a thermostat is an example of a ____________ feedback system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-diuretic hormone;
it's released by the hypothalamus to tell the kidney to reabsorb more water and return it to the bloodstream, rising the blood volume (which ends the stimulus for ADH release) |
|
|
Term
| The body's thermostat is located in the _________________ of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the withdrawal reflex? |
|
Definition
| a type of neural control mechanism telling us to jerk away fom a painful stimulus (negative feedback) |
|
|
Term
| Regulating the heart rate, blood pressure rate and depth of breathing, as well as blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and minerals are examples of ____________ feedback systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two body systems using the negative feedback mechanisms? |
|
Definition
1. nervous system
2. endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| What's a positive feedback mechanism? |
|
Definition
| one that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the original change, resulting in a greater deviation from the set point. |
|
|
Term
| _______________ feedback mechanisms typically activate responses that are self-perpetrating. |
|
Definition
|
|
