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| the most basic physical unit of heredity; a segment of nucleic acids that codes for a functional unit of RNA and/or a protein |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
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| an organic compound that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base; the basic building block of a nucleic-acid chain |
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| a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine |
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| a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil |
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| the process of making a copy of DNA |
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| an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication |
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| an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule |
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| ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
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| the manifestation of the genetic material of an organism in the form of specific traits |
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| the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a templat |
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| the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains |
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| in DNA and mRNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal |
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