Term
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
General ___ ____part of the PNS
Innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
ANS has two divisions |
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Definition
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
General visceral motor part of the PNS
Innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
ANS has two divisions |
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Term
Parasympathetic
Division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees __,___,__function. The resting and digesting division |
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Definition
Parasympathetic
Division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination and glandular function. The resting and digesting division |
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Term
______:
Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body to cope with danger or excitement, fight and fright and flight division |
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Definition
Sympathetic
Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body to cope with danger or excitement, fight and fright and flight division |
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Term
| ___ - pertains to the body region that lies external to the ventral body cavity, includes skin, skeletal muscles, and skeleton. Does not include visceral |
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Definition
| Somatic - pertains to the body region that lies external to the ventral body cavity, includes skin, skeletal muscles, and skeleton. Does not include visceral |
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Term
Basic Structural Components of the PNS
___ – pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body
____ – axon terminals of motor neurons
Innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands) |
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Definition
Basic Structural Components of the PNS
Sensory receptors – pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body
Motor endings – axon terminals of motor neurons
Innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands) |
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Term
Basic Structural Components of the PNS
___ – bundles of peripheral axons
____ – clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies
Most nerves contain both sensory and motor axons and are called mixed nerves. Some cranial are pure sensory or pure motor |
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Definition
Basic Structural Components of the PNS
Nerves – bundles of peripheral axons
Ganglia – clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies
Most nerves contain both sensory and motor axons and are called mixed nerves. Some cranial are pure sensory or pure motor |
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Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors
Structures that pick up sensory stimuli and then initiate signals in the sensory ___
Two main categories of sensory receptors
______ of sensory neurons
Monitor general sensory information - touch, pain, pressure, temp
____ cells – specialized epithelial cells or small neurons
Monitor most types of special sensory information - taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium |
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Definition
Peripheral Sensory Receptors
Structures that pick up sensory stimuli and then initiate signals in the sensory axons
Two main categories of sensory receptors
Free nerve endings of sensory neurons
Monitor general sensory information - touch, pain, pressure, temp
Complete receptor cells – specialized epithelial cells or small neurons
Monitor most types of special sensory information - taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium |
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Term
Peripheral Sensory Receptors
Sensory receptors also classified according to:
____
Type of ___ detected
___ |
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Definition
Peripheral Sensory Receptors
Sensory receptors also classified according to:
Location
Type of stimulus detected
Structure |
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Term
Classification by Location
______ – sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body
Located at or near body surfaces
Include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
______ – (visceroceptors) receive stimuli from internal viscera
Monitor a variety of stimuli
_____ – monitor degree of stretch
Located in musculoskeletal organs |
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Definition
Classification by Location
Exteroceptors – sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body
Located at or near body surfaces
Include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Interoceptors – (visceroceptors) receive stimuli from internal viscera
Monitor a variety of stimuli
Proprioceptors – monitor degree of stretch
Located in musculoskeletal organs |
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Term
Classification by Stimulus Detected
____ – respond to mechanical forces
____ – respond to temperature changes
____ – respond to chemicals in solution
____ – respond to light – located in the eye
_____ – respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain |
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Definition
Classification by Stimulus Detected
Mechanoreceptors – respond to mechanical forces
Thermoreceptors – respond to temperature changes
Chemoreceptors – respond to chemicals in solution
Photoreceptors – respond to light – located in the eye
Nociceptors – respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain |
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Term
Peripheral Motor Endings: Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
Motors endings activate the ___ (muscles and glands) of the body.
Motor axons innervate skeletal muscles at
_____ junctions (motor end plates)
Similar to synapses between neurons
___ diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Binds with molecules on the ____
Motor axons branch to innervate muscle fibers |
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Definition
Peripheral Motor Endings: Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
Motors endings activate the effectors (muscles and glands) of the body.
Motor axons innervate skeletal muscles
Neuromuscular junctions (motor end plates)
Similar to synapses between neurons
Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Binds with molecules on the sarcolemma
Motor axons branch to innervate muscle fibers |
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Term
Innervation of Visceral Muscle and Glands
Simpler than ____ junctions of skeletal muscle
Visceral motor responses
___er than somatic motor reflexes |
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Definition
Innervation of Visceral Muscle and Glands
Simpler than neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle
Visceral motor responses
Slower than somatic motor reflexes |
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Term
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs that attach to the brain and pass through various foramina in the skull
Numbered from I–XII ___ to ___ direction
Cranial nerves I and II attach to the ___
All others attach to the ____
Primarily serve head and neck structures except
The ___ nerve (X) extends into the ____
Contain sensory and motor nerve fibers that innervate the head |
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Definition
Cranial Nerves
Attach to the brain and pass through foramina of the skull
12 pairs that attach to the brain and pass through various foramina in the skull
Numbered from I–XII rostral to caudal direction
Cranial nerves I and II attach to the forebrain
All others attach to the brain stem
Primarily serve head and neck structures except
The vagus nerve (X) extends into the abdomen
Contain sensory and motor nerve fibers that innervate the head |
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Term
Cranial Nerves
____ Nerves I
Sensory nerves of smell, afferent impulse for smell
Pass through the ___ bone
___ Nerve II
Sensory nerve of vision, afferent impulse for vision
Arise from eye retina
Optic chiasma |
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Definition
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerves I
Sensory nerves of smell, afferent impulse for smell
Pass through the ethmoid bone
Optic Nerve II
Sensory nerve of vision, afferent impulse for vision
Arise from eye retina
Optic chiasma |
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Term
_____
Innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles
Primarily motor
Passes through superior orbital fissure to eye |
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Definition
Oculomotor Nerve III
Innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles
Primarily motor
Passes through superior orbital fissure to eye |
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Term
_______
Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
Enters through superior orbital fissure to eye
Motor |
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Definition
Trochlear Nerve IV
Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
Enters through superior orbital fissure to eye
Motor |
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Term
_______
Provides sensory innervation to the face
Motor innervation to chewing muscles
Largest of the cranial nerves
3 divisions |
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Definition
Trigeminal Nerve V
Provides sensory innervation to the face
Motor innervation to chewing muscles
Largest of the cranial nerves
3 divisions |
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Term
_____
Abducts the eyeball
Motor |
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Definition
Abducens Nerve VI
Abducts the eyeball
Motor |
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Term
______
Innervates muscles of facial expression
Mixed
Temporal - Zygomatic-Buccal-Mandibular-Cervical |
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Definition
Facial Nerve VII
Innervates muscles of facial expression
Mixed
Temporal - Zygomatic-Buccal-Mandibular-Cervical |
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Term
________
Sensory nerve of hearing and balance
Inner ear of temporal bone passes through internal accoustic meatus
Sensory |
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Definition
Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
Sensory nerve of hearing and balance
Inner ear of temporal bone passes through internal accoustic meatus
Sensory |
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Term
________
Innervates structures of the tongue and pharynx
Leave skull via jugular foramen to run to throat
Mixed nerves |
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Definition
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Innervates structures of the tongue and pharynx
Leave skull via jugular foramen to run to throat
Mixed nerves |
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Term
______
Only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck
Leaves head via ___ foramen
Descend into thorax and abdomen
A mixed sensory and motor nerve
Skeletal muscles of pharynx, larynx - swallowing, voice
____ motor fibers supply - heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
Regulation of heart rate, breathing, digestive system activity, |
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Definition
Vagus Nerve X
Only cranial nerve to extend beyond head and neck
Leaves head via jugular foramen
Descend into thorax and abdomen
A mixed sensory and motor nerve
Skeletal muscles of pharynx, larynx - swallowing, voice
Parasympathetic motor fibers supply - heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
Regulation of heart rate, breathing, digestive system activity, |
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Term
________
An accessory part of the vagus nerve
Motor
Larynx, pharynx and soft palate |
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Definition
Accessory Nerve XI
An accessory part of the vagus nerve
Motor
Larynx, pharynx and soft palate |
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Term
_______
Runs inferior to the tongue
Innervates the tongue muscles |
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Definition
Hypoglossal Nerve XII
Runs inferior to the tongue
Innervates the tongue muscles |
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Term
Spinal Nerves
__ pairs – contain thousands of nerve fibers
Connect to the spinal cord by a __and __ root
Named for point of issue from the spinal cord
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1) |
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Definition
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs – contain thousands of nerve fibers
Connect to the spinal cord by a dorsal and ventral root
Named for point of issue from the spinal cord
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5)
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1) |
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Term
Spinal Nerves
Connect to the spinal cord by the dorsal root and ventral root
Dorsal root – contains ___ fibers
Cell bodies – located in the dorsal root ganglion
Ventral root – contains ___ fibers arising from anterior gray column |
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Definition
Spinal Nerves
Connect to the spinal cord by the dorsal root and ventral root
Dorsal root – contains sensory fibers
Cell bodies – located in the dorsal root ganglion
Ventral root – contains motor fibers arising from anterior gray column |
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Term
Spinal Nerves
____ connect to the base of the ventral ramus
Lead to the ____ chain ganglia
Dorsal and ventral rami contain sensory and motor fibers, supply the somatic region of the body
Roots -lie medial to the spinal nerves and either strictly sensory (dorsal) or strictly motor (ventral)
Rami - are lateral branches of the spinal nerves and each contain both sensory and motor fibers |
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Definition
Spinal Nerves
Rami communicantes connect to the base of the ventral ramus
Lead to the sympathetic chain ganglia
Dorsal and ventral rami contain sensory and motor fibers, supply the somatic region of the body
Roots -lie medial to the spinal nerves and either strictly sensory (dorsal) or strictly motor (ventral)
Rami - are lateral branches of the spinal nerves and each contain both sensory and motor fibers |
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Term
Introduction to Nerve Plexuses
Nerve plexus – a network of nerves
___ rami of all spinal nerves (except ____)
Branch and join with one another
Form nerve plexuses
In cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions |
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Definition
Introduction to Nerve Plexuses
Nerve plexus – a network of nerves
Ventral rami of all spinal nerves (except T2-T12)
Branch and join with one another
Form nerve plexuses
In cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions |
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Term
The Cervical Plexus
Buried deep in the neck
Under the ______ muscle
Formed by ___ rami of first four cervical nerves
Most are ____ nerves
Some innervate muscles of the anterior neck
Phrenic nerve – the most important nerve of the cervical plexus
Receives fibers from C3, C4 and C5
Courses inferiorly through thorax and innervates the ____
Provides motor and sensory innervation to the ____
If both phrenic nerves are cut or C3-C5 spinal cord injury, ___ arrests |
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Definition
The Cervical Plexus
Buried deep in the neck
Under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Formed by ventral rami of first four cervical nerves
Most are cutaneous nerves
Some innervate muscles of the anterior neck
Phrenic nerve – the most important nerve of the cervical plexus
Receives fibers from C3, C4 and C5
Courses inferiorly through thorax and innervates the diaphragm
Provides motor and sensory innervation to the diaphragm
If both phrenic nerves are cut or C3-C5 spinal cord injury, respiration arrest |
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Term
The Brachial Plexus and Innervation of the Upper Limb
Brachial plexus lies in the ___ and ___
Formed by ventral rami of __-__
Gives rise to almost all the nerves of the upper limb |
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Definition
The Brachial Plexus and Innervation of the Upper Limb
Brachial plexus lies in the neck and axilla
Formed by ventral rami of C5-C8
Gives rise to almost all the nerves of the upper limb |
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Term
The Sacral Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limbs
Arises from spinal nerves __-__
Largest branch is the ___ nerve -thickest and longest nerve in the body
Supplies all of the lower limb except the anterior and medial regions of the thigh
__ is two nerves -tibial and common fibular nerves wrapped in a common sheath |
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Definition
The Sacral Plexus and Innervation of the Lower Limbs
Arises from spinal nerves L4-S4
Largest branch is the sciatic nerve -thickest and longest nerve in the body
Supplies all of the lower limb except the anterior and medial regions of the thigh
Sciatic is two nerves -tibial and common fibular nerves wrapped in a common sheat |
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Term
Innervation of the Skin: _____
____ – an area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve
Upper limb – skin is supplied by nerves of the ____ plexus
Lower limb
___ nerves – anterior surface
___ nerves – posterior surface |
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Definition
Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes
Dermatome – an area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve
Upper limb – skin is supplied by nerves of the brachial plexus
Lower limb
Lumbar nerves – anterior surface
Sacral nerves – posterior surface |
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