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Chapter 15
Pain
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Undergraduate 3
09/27/2015

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Term
With ongoing pain, neuronal properties are quickly changed in the direction of _____
Definition
hyper-excitability
Term
Is pain considered a learning signal?
Definition
yes!
Term
deafferentation
Definition
intense pain is felt in a body part in spite of complete loss of sensory information from that part
Term
pathologic pain
Definition
pain occurs without any nociceptor activation; pain that has no obvious biologic function
Term
The transmission of nociceptive signals from the cord to higher levels is subject to _____ control
Definition
descending
Term
3 transmitters important to pain
Definition
1. serotonin
2. norepinephrine
3. endorphins
Term
Is pain more cued for sensitivity or specificity?
Definition
sensitivity
Term
Are there overlaps in the parts of the brain that deal with physical pain & social pain?
Definition
yes!
Term
3 brain structures where physical & social (emotional) pain are both dealt with
Definition
1. anterior cingulate gyrus
2. orbitofrontal cortex
3. insula
Term
nociceptor
Definition
a receptor that is activated by stimuli that produce tissue damage or would do so if the stimulus continued
Term
hyperalgesia
Definition
the experience of pain on nociceptor stimulation is more intense than normal
Term
What causes allodynia?
Definition
activation of nociceptive neurons in the cord by dorsal root fibers leading from low-threshold mechanoreceptors
Term
What does it mean that pain "radiates"?
Definition
the pain spreads out from the original painful site
Term
What type of cells are implicated in development & maintenance of chronic pain?
Definition
glial cells
Term
neuropathic pain
Definition
pathologic pain caused by partial damage to peripheral nerves or destruction of central somatosensory pathways in the cord or thalamus
Term
Can pathologic pain occur in patients below a transverse lesion of the cord even though all ascending pathways are interrupted?
Definition
yes!
Term
postherpetic neuralgia
Definition
pathologic pain felt in an area of the skin with reduced sensibility in patients who have had shingles
Term
thalamic pain
Definition
a stroke destroying parts of the thalamus leading to reduced sensibility in a body part usually associated with chronic pain
Term
phantom pain
Definition
pain felt in the missing body part after amputations
Term
2 signs of autonomic dysfunction
Definition
1. abnormal sweating
2. circulatory disturbances
Term
raphe magnus nucleus
Definition
cell group in the medulla that synaptically interrupts the pathway from the PAG to the spinal cord
Term
What is the main transmitter in the NRM?
Definition
serotonin
Term
nucleus accumbens
Definition
part of the forebrain involved in control of reward-dependent behavior & plays a part in analgesia evoked by painful stimuli
Term
stress-induced analgesia
Definition
analgesia can occur in stressful situations characterized by the inability to escape
Term
Is the placebo response "learned" & dependent on prior experience?
Definition
yes!
Term
Does expectancy control the "pain network" & pain-suppressing systems?
Definition
yes!
Term
Can the placebo effect affect physiological processes?
Definition
yes!
Term
When does the nocebo effect occur?
Definition
when the patient expects no help or believes that the treatment may be harmful
Term
Does the brain have a specific "pain center"?
Definition
no!
Term
Can psychological reward mechanisms suppress pain?
Definition
yes!
Term
Can loss of sensory information cause long-lasting pain?
Definition
yes!
Term
What causes pain due to a loss of sensory information?
Definition
there is a mismatch between the motor commands & the sensory feedback
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