Term
| why we need body defense (immune system) |
|
Definition
Defense mechanism
-Protect against disease-causing agents (pathogens)
-Make up the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherited; nonspecific
-Serves as a first line of defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specific
-A function of lymphocytes & changes with exposure |
|
|
Term
| some types of external defenses in innate defense |
|
Definition
-skin
-saliva
-tears
-mucus
-"good" gut bacteris to outcompete the bad
-stomach acid
-epithelial barriers |
|
|
Term
| some epithelial barriers that function in innate defense |
|
Definition
-Digestive tract (gastric acid, enzymes)
-Respiratory tract (mucus, cilia, enzymes)
-Genitourinary tract (acidity, pH ~4) |
|
|
Term
| some types of internal defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
-fever
-interferons
-phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| why the integrity of the skin is important for defense |
|
Definition
| because if there's a cut, bacteria can infect and inflammation can result |
|
|
Term
| how stomach acid functions in external defense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how mucus, cilia, and enzymes in the respiratory tract function in external defense |
|
Definition
-mucus entraps unwanted particle
-cilia move it upward
-enzymes digest it |
|
|
Term
| how the acidity of the genitourinary tract (pH ~4) |
|
Definition
| reduces growth of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecules that elicit adaptive immunity specifically bind to Ag; they mediate specific immunity
-Usually large molecules that are foreign to the body
-this is how the immune system distinguishes self from non-self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediated by antigens (Ag) |
|
|
Term
| types of specific immunity |
|
Definition
-Humoral immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses antibodies (Ab) produced by B cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses T cells to destroy host cells infected by pathogens
[image] |
|
|
Term
| innate immunity triggered by... |
|
Definition
| pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) |
|
|
Term
| the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria |
|
Definition
| whether or not there's an envelope outside the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| immune cells recognize PAMPs by... |
|
Definition
| Toll-like receptors (TLR’) |
|
|
Term
| the surface molecule on Gram-negative bacteria |
|
Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram “–” bacteria cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| the surface molecule on Gram-positive bacteria |
|
Definition
| Peptidoglycan from Gram “+” bacteria cell wall |
|
|
Term
| the result of PAMPs binding to TLR' to form the PAMPs-TLR’ complex |
|
Definition
| PAMPs-TLR’ complex → ↑ cytokines secretion from immune cells → activate more immune cells for further body defense → inflammation most likely to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it's to stimulate cells to work on something. We call that cytokine. The cytokines secreted by immune cells will activate other immune cells to be more active for a general body defense, and include an induction of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on Gram-staining |
|
Definition
Gram staining
-Detect the presence of peptidoglycan (Gram “+”) on cell wall of bacteria
-Gram “+” bac – stained as purple/blue due to retaining crystal violet dye
-Gram “–” bac – stained as pink/red due to the existence of an outer membrane
+More resistant against antibodies, because of their impenetrable wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a part of the healing process when tissues are injured by pathogens, trauma etc.
-Inflammation initiates nonspecific phagocytosis by blood phagocytes (WBCs)
-Characteristics of inflammation
+Redness, swelling and pus, warmth, pain |
|
|
Term
| inflammation is initially caused by... |
|
Definition
| induction by PAMPs binding to TL receptor, and then initiate the inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what causes the redness, swelling, and warmth in inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation initiates... |
|
Definition
| nonspecific phagocytosis by blood phagocytes (WBCs) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of inflammation |
|
Definition
-Redness
-swelling
-pus (not always; depending on the nature of the bacterial infection)
-warmth
-pain |
|
|
Term
| how inflammation is initiated |
|
Definition
Injured (infected) tissues release cytokines
→ Activate mast cells near the damaged area
→ Mast cells secrete cytokines (histamine, TNF-α, prostaglandins & leukotrienes) → dilation of blood vessels → ↑ membrane permeability → allows white blood cells to leave the blood vessel
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor necrosis factor alpha |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Cytokines from Mast Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vasodilation in the inflammatory pathway leads to... |
|
Definition
diapedesis (extravasation)
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
| diapedesis (extravasation) |
|
Definition
blood phagocytes exit capillaries by pseudopod movement attracts WBCs
-a kind of activity that WBC inside the blood vessel going out to the infected area
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recruit blood monocytes to the injured tissues or infected cell → macrophages → phagocytosis
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constriction of bronchi & bronchioles for protection of further entry of pathogen into respiratory tract
-If too severe → asthma |
|
|
Term
| meaning of the word vasation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meaning of the word extravasation |
|
Definition
| go out of the blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| the only time RBC goes out of the blood vessel |
|
Definition
| when there's a hematoma, in which the inflammatory area or the swelling area is accompanied by the presence of RBC |
|
|
Term
| why WBC can exit the blood vessel while RBC can't, even though WBC is about twice as big as RBC |
|
Definition
because WBC can do psudopod movement while RBC can't
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
| why the WBC can do pseudopod movement while the RBC can't |
|
Definition
| chemotaxis (a type of biochemical signaling) |
|
|
Term
| phagocytosis in the inflammation process |
|
Definition
Degradation of bacteria or injured cells by macrophages
[image] |
|
|
Term
| the pathway by which phagocytosis occurs in the inflammation process |
|
Definition
-Tissue damage --> cell necrosis --> expressed danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) --> ↑ innate immunity & inflammation
-Pseudopod movement by macrophages --> vacuole formation --> fuse with lysosomes --> phagolysosomes
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
danger associated molecule patterns
-expressed by the damaged tissue of our own cells
-can initiate in innate immunity and inflammation
[image] |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how phagocytosis occurs in the infected area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells die by apoptosis (do or do not) express DAMPs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of phagocytes that arrive to the infected area and the order in which they arrive |
|
Definition
1: neutrophils (pus formation)
2: blood monocytes (become macrophages and may serve as antigen presenting cells)
3: T lymphocytes, for specific immunity
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first phagocyte to arrive to the infected area
-fights against pathogen, resulting in pus formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dead body of the neutrophil together with a dead body of the bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-second phagocyte to arrive to the infected area
-in response to chemotaxis, monocytes send information from the damaged area
-engulfs bacteria
-present antigen from pathogen to other WBCs, including lymphocytes, to perform body defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3rd phagocyte to arrive
-last resort
-responds to antigen presented by monocyte to produce specific immunity |
|
|
Term
| Body temperature is regulated by... |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus (thermostat) |
|
|
Term
| fever can be induced by... |
|
Definition
-Exogenous pyrogens (LPS)
-Endogenous pyrogens such as interleukins (IL), or
-Endotoxin from gram “–” bac (LPS) |
|
|
Term
| how Endotoxin from gram “–” bac (LPS) causes fever |
|
Definition
| Endotoxin from gram “–” bac (LPS) --> stimulates WBCs --> release endogenous pyrogens (IL1-β & other cytokines) --> alter set point in hypothalamus of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Nonspecifically ↓ bac
-↑ neutrophil activities
-↑ interferon production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that can induce fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chemicals released by WBC, leukocyte, for the communication between leukocyte. We call that interleukin
-interleukins rely on these chemicals between WBC and then induce fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Are polypeptides produced by cells infected with virus
-Provide short-acting, non-specific resistance to viral infection in nearby cells
-they alert nearby cells to be more active against virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-α interferons
-β interferons
-γ interferons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-↑ Overall immune activities by ↑ phagocytosis, ↑ killer T cell activities, ↑ natural killer cell activities, ↑ Ab production by plasma cells
-↓ tumor growth, ↓ cell division, ↓ maturation of adipocytes, RBC |
|
|
Term
| adaptive immunity relies on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-B cells (B lymphocytes)
-T cells (T lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| origin of B cells (B lymphocytes) |
|
Definition
evidently bursa of Fabricius
-Named after lymphocytes processed from chicken bursa of Fabricius |
|
|
Term
| origin of T cells (T lymphocytes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of B cells (B lymphocytes) |
|
Definition
-Memory cells
-plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a kind of lymphoid tissue that present during gestation in fetus, or early childhood |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thymus as the person gets older? |
|
Definition
-gets replaced more and more by fat tissue, or adipose tissue
-when this happens, the T cells go into circulation |
|
|
Term
| most lymphocyte cells in the blood are... |
|
Definition
| T cells (T lymphocytes) (65-85% of blood lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| where most B cells (B lymphocytes) are found |
|
Definition
| lymphoid tissue, such as spleen, such as local lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| types of T cells (T lymphocytes) |
|
Definition
-Killer (cytotoxic) T Cells
-helper T cells
-suppressor T cells |
|
|
Term
| HIV virus specifically attacks... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the "humoral" in humoral immunity means... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-cell (humoral) immunity based on... |
|
Definition
| production of antibodies, which are soluble in fluid |
|
|
Term
| why B-cell-mediated immunity is called humoral immunity |
|
Definition
| because the word humoral means "fluid," and it's based on production of antibodies, which are soluble in fluid |
|
|
Term
| B cells expand into clones, which are... |
|
Definition
-memory cells
-plasma cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long lifespan
-have the memory of this structure of a specific antigen for a long time
-waiting for the second infection by that antigen, and to expand the clone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-factory (2K Ab/sec)
-short-lived |
|
|
Term
| Combined work of memory cells and plasma cells |
|
Definition
| Combined work of memory cells and plasma cells --> Ab production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of globulin protein with immune function (immunoglobulin (Ig)) |
|
|
Term
| structure of antibodies (Ab) |
|
Definition
| shape of “Y”
-2 long heavy (H) chains + 2 light (L) chains
-Each chain contains constant (Fc) and variable fragments (Fab)
[image] |
|
|
Term
| variable (Fab) fragment of antibody |
|
Definition
confers antibody (Ab) specificity
[image] |
|
|
Term
| the diversity of antibodies we have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are so many antibodies possible if we have a limited number of genes? |
|
Definition
because we use recombination of different genetic segment, and to produce antibody that adapt to different kind of antigen and specificity
-Recombination of genes code for Hs and Ls in developing lymphocytes --> Ag-independent diversity
-Diversity further increases via somatic hypermutation --> B cells undergo Ag-dependent proliferation |
|
|
Term
| some categories of antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common type of antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
main Ab in external secretions in mucosal area, such as respiratory mucosa, digestive mucosa, reproductive mucosa
-they are secreted from the mucosa into the lumen of the tract, becoming secretory IgG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for allergic symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as Ag R (I think antigen receptors) on lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgA antibodies that are secreted from the mucosal area into the lumen |
|
|
Term
| Killer (cytotoxic) T cells |
|
Definition
have CD8 surface marker
-Kill pathogens by cell-mediated destruction – in contact with victim cell
-Secrete perforins --> create a pore in victim's membrane --> lysis
-Secrete granzymes --> destroy victim's DNA
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have CD4 surface marker
-↑ Responses of both killer T cells and B cells
-HIV infects helper T cells and macrophages
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Suppressor (regulatory) T cells |
|
Definition
have CD25 & CD4 surface markers
-↓ Responses of killer Ts and B cells; help protect against autoimmune responses
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by lymphocytes
-Usually called interleukin (IL)- 1, 2, 3
-they help mediate the activity of the T-cell |
|
|
Term
| depiction of stem cells turning into B and T lymphocytes and what they do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why immunity mediated by T cells is called cell-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
| because those T cells make contact with the pathogen |
|
|
Term
| how Killer (cytotoxic) T cells kill pathogens |
|
Definition
-Secrete perforins --> create a pore in victim's membrane --> lysis
-Secrete granzymes --> destroy victim's DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes for destroying the pathogen's DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create pores in pathogen's membrane |
|
|
Term
| Suppressor (regulatory) T cells help protect against... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Require prior exposure to the specific Ag (vaccines)
-Eg. Jenner’s cowpox inoculation against smallpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) live attenuated virus
(2) killed virus
(3) recombinant viral proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Donor was given active immunity, Ab --> recipients
-the recipient of the antibodies and the antivenom doesn't have time to develop active immunity |
|
|
Term
| comparison of active and passive immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why being exposed to the antibodies a second time may cause an allergic response |
|
Definition
| because it already induced an antigenic effect that the active immunity will react to |
|
|
