Term
| The endocrine system works with/in harmony with what other system? What is their goal? |
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Definition
| The nervous system. To control and coordinate all activities in the body and to maintain homeostasis. |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways of communication? |
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Definition
1.)Direct
2.)Paracrine
3.)Endocrine
4.)Neural |
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Term
| What is direct communication? |
|
Definition
| Communication via gap jxns. |
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Term
| What does direct communication use to communicate and what are its effects limited to? |
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Definition
| Ions, small solutes, other lipid soluble material. Limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons. |
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Term
| What is an example of direct communication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is paracrine communication? |
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Definition
| Communication via extracellular fluid. |
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Term
| What does paracrine communication use and what are its effects limited to? |
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Definition
| Use paracrine factors as chemical mediators and effects are limited to the local area where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high/target cells must have appropriate receptors |
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Term
| What is endocrine communication? |
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Definition
| Communication via the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What does endocrine communication use and what are its effects limited to? |
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Definition
| Use hormones as chemical mediators. Effects are limited to specific areas with specific receptors. |
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Term
| What is neural communication? |
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Definition
| Communicate via synaptic clefts. |
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Term
| What does neural communication use and what are its effects? |
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Definition
| Use neurotransmitters as chemical mediators. Effects are limited to very specific areas with specific receptors. |
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Term
| What constitutes a hormone and a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
A hormone is secreted into the blood.
A neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft. |
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Term
| What do the endocrine and nervous system both rely on? |
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Definition
| The release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on their target cells. |
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Term
| What are both the endocrine and nervous system regulated by? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback control. |
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Term
| What is the common goal of the endocrine and nervous systems? |
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Definition
| To preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs and systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers released by endocrine cells/glands into the bloodstream to be transported throughout the body to regulate the metabolic fxns and activities of other cells of the body. |
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Term
| What are the 3 classes hormones? |
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Definition
1.)amino acid derivatives
2.)peptide hormones
3.)lipid derivatives |
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Term
| What is an amino acid derivative hormone? |
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Definition
| Hormones derived from a single amino acid. Ex: Thyroid hormones & catecholamines. |
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Term
| What is a peptide hormone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 subtypes of peptide hormones? |
|
Definition
1. Polypeptides
2. Small proteins
3. Glycoproteins |
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Term
| What is an example of a polypeptide? |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone (9 amino acids) and Oxytocin (9 amino acids) |
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Term
| What is an example of a small protein hormone? |
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Definition
| Growth hormone (119 amino acids) and Prolactin (198 amino acids) |
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Term
| What is an example of a glycoprotein hormone? |
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Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone. |
|
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Term
| What is a lipid derivative hormone? |
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Definition
| Consists of carbon rings and side chains built either from fatty acid chains or cholesterol. |
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Term
| What are the 2 subtypes of lipid derivative hormones? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Built from fatty acid chains. Include: leukotrienes and prostaglandins. |
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Term
| What is a steroid hormone? |
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Definition
| Built from cholesterol molecules and includes: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, and calcitrol. |
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Term
| How are hormones regulated? |
|
Definition
| Positive and negative feedback systems |
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Term
| What is a negative feedback loop? |
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Definition
| Physiological response causes a decrease in the release of the hormone. MOST COMMONLY USED. |
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Term
| What is a positive feedback loop? |
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Definition
| Physiological response causes an increase in the release of a hormone. RARELY USED. |
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Term
| What is an antagonistic effect? |
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Definition
One hormone inhibits the response of another therefore they generate opposite responses.
EX: Insulin lowers blood sugar which glucagon raises it. |
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Term
| What is a synergistic effect? |
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Definition
Additive effect. Two hormones generate the same effect and therefore the results is greater the effect that each would generate alone.
Ex: ADH, Epinerphrine, and Aldosterone all raise blood pressure. |
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Term
| What is a permissive effect? |
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Definition
One hormone is needed to activate another.
EX: Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II. |
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Term
| What are the endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal
6. Pancreas
7. Pineal |
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Term
| The _________ provides the highest level of endocrine control and integrates the activities of the nervous system and endocrine system. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one mechanism that the hypothalamus uses to integrate? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic neurons synthesize two hormones -> ADH and OXT and transport them alone the axons within the infundibulum to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland for storage and secretion. |
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Term
| The hypothalamus secretes ________ ________ and the _________ _______ that control the secretions of the pituitary gland. They flow via netword of fenestrated capillaries called the ________ _______ ______. |
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Definition
| Releasing hormones/inhibiting hormones/hypophyseal portal system. |
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Term
| What exerts direct control over the endocrine cells? What are those cells called? |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus/chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. |
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Term
| When is direct control activated over the adrenal gland? |
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Definition
| When the sympathetic division is activated. |
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Term
| What is the scientific term for the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pituitary gland located? |
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Definition
| The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
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Term
| How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| Infundibulum and a network of capillaries. THE HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM. |
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Term
| What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Posterior and anterior lobes |
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Term
| What is the neurohypophysis? How is it connected to the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| The posterior lobe. Infundibulum. |
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|
Term
| What are the hormones the neurohypophysis secretes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase water reabsorption within the renal tubules of the kidney. Decrease in water loss in urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus which initiates child birth. After delivery, it stimulates the ejection of milk. And in both sexes, it is the cuddle hormone as it surges during arousal and orgasm. |
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Term
| What is the adenohypophysis? How is it connected to the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. By the Hypophyseal portal system. |
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Term
| What hormone from the hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis? |
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Definition
| Releasing hormones and Inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| What is TSH? When is it released? |
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Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone. Stimulates thyroid growth and increase its secretion of the T3 T4. In response to thytropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What is ACTH? When is it released? |
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. In response to corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What is FSH? When is it released? |
|
Definition
| Follicle-stimulating hormone. Promotes ovarian follicles to develop in females and stimulates the secretion of estrogens (with LH). In males, FSH promotes the physical maturation of sperm. In response to GnRH. |
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Term
| What is LH? When is it released? |
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Definition
| Induces ovulation in females and promotes the secretion of estrogen and progesterone. In males, stimulates production of androgens (testosterone). In response to GnRH. |
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Term
| What is GH? When is it released? |
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Definition
| Stimulates cell growth and reproduction by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis particularly in skeletal muscle and bone. Regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone. |
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Term
| What is PRL? When is it released? |
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Definition
| Prolactin. Stimulates mammary gland development and development and the porduction of milk during pregnancy and nursing. Regulated by Prolactin-Releasing and Inhibitory Hormones. |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? What is it divided into? |
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Definition
| In the neck just below the larynx and anterior to the trachea. Divided into a right and left lobe connected by an isthmus. |
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Term
| What regulates the thyroid? |
|
Definition
| TSH from the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells called in thyroid tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the follicle surrounds in thyroid tissue? |
|
Definition
| Colloid. Contains a large amount of dissolved proteins. |
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Term
| What do follicle cells synthesize? |
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Definition
| Thyroglobulin and secrete into the follicle. |
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Term
| What does thryoglobulin contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does thryoglobulin combine with the form T3, T4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects that thyroid hormones have on the body? |
|
Definition
1.)Red blood cell production/enhanced oxygen delivery.
2.)Activity of other endocrine tissues.
3.)Accelerates turnover of minerals in bone.
4.)Increase basal metabolic rate
5.)Increase blood pressure
6.)Increase sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
7.)Maintains normal sensitivity of respiratory system to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide conc. in blood. |
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|
Term
| What are the second population of cells found between the follicles? |
|
Definition
| Parafollicular cells or C Cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Calcitonin. lowers blood calcium levels when they're too high by increasing the amount of calcium secreted in the urine and increased osteroblast activity. |
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|
Term
| What is the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| Two pair of glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland. |
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Term
| What are the two types of cells that make up the Parathyroid gland? |
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Definition
1.)Oxyphil cells
2.)Cheif cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the fxn of chief cells? |
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Definition
| Produce PTH which increases blood calcium levels when they are low. |
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Term
| PTH and Calcintonin work as _________ to maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Bones - activate osteoclasts
2.)Intestine - calcium absorption in food
3.)Kidneys - promotes activation of vitamin D and reabsorption of calcium in kidney tubules |
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|
Term
| What is the adrenal gland? |
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Definition
| Located on top of the kidneys. Have the cortex and medulla. |
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Term
| What does the adrenal cortex produce? |
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Definition
| Steroid hormones from cholesterol. |
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Term
| What are the 3 subregions of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
1.)Zona Glomerulosa
2.)Zona Fasciculate
3.)Zona Reticularis |
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Term
| What is the zona glomerulosa? |
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Definition
| Outer layer. Releases mineralcorticoirds like aldosterone which controls electrolyte balance in the kidneys. |
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Term
| What is the zona fasciculate? |
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Definition
| The middle. Produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol and cortisone which influence metabolism of glucose, protein, fat. Controlled by ATCH. |
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|
Term
| What is the zona reticularis? |
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Definition
| The inner layer. Produces androgens like testosterone which influence masculinzation. |
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|
Term
| When does the adrenal medulla release hormones? |
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Definition
| When the body is under stress. Consists of chromaffin cells. |
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Term
| What two hormones does the adrenal medulla release? |
|
Definition
1.)Epinephrine
2.)Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What does epinephrine do? |
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Definition
| 80%. Elevates blood sugar, regulates body during stress/anger, raises blood pressure, heart beat, glycogen breakdown, and increases all other sympathetic effects of the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| What does norepinephrine do? |
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Definition
| Helps maintain BP, accounts for 20% released by medullary portion. |
|
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Term
| Where is the pancreas located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior and inferior to the stomach. Has both endocrine and exocrine fxns. |
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|
Term
| What are ilsets of langerhaan? |
|
Definition
| Endocrine cells that produce hormones. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 cell types in the IoL? |
|
Definition
1.)Alpha Cells
2.)Beta cells
3.)Delta Cells
4.)F Cells |
|
|
Term
| What do Alpha cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Beta Cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Delta cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Somatostatin which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion and slows the rates of food absorption and enzyme secretion alone the digestive tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pancreatic polypeptide that inhibits gall bladder contractions and regulates digestive enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exocrine cells that produce enzymes and other digestive chemicals. |
|
|
Term
| What is sodium bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
| A buffer for the HCl in the stomach. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secreted as inactive enzymes but become activated in the small intestine to form the activated: CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, CHYMOTRYPSIN, TRYPSIN. Break down lg polypeptides into smaller pieces. |
|
|
Term
| What is pancreatic amylase? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes further digest carbs. |
|
|
Term
| What is pancreatic lipase? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerols. |
|
|
Term
| What is pancreatic nucleases? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
| What are insulin and glucagon considered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into body cells and performing glycogensis and lipogensis. How does glucagon reverse this? |
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Definition
| Raising blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose, synthesizes glucose from lactic acid and other none-carbohydrate molecules and releasing it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
| Located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain called the epithalamus region. |
|
|
Term
| What cells make up the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major product of the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintain basic circadian rhythms, protects against tissue damage by acting as an antioxidant, and inhibits reproductive development and functioning. |
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|
Term
| Where is the thymus gland located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior to the sternum and between the lungs. Large in infant, decreases in size as we age. The major product is THYMOSIN and is essential for growth of T lymphocytes and immune response. |
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|
Term
| What does the heart secrete? |
|
Definition
| ANP. ANP inhibits aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex. ANP causes sodium loss in urine. Also secretes BNP. |
|
|
Term
| What does the kidney secrete? |
|
Definition
| EPO for rbc production and renin for activation of angiotensin I (vasoconstrictor) |
|
|
Term
| What does the skin produce? |
|
Definition
| Cholecalciferol. the inactive form of vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What does the adipose tissue release? |
|
Definition
| Leptin which follows the uptake of glucose and lipids which results in satiation. |
|
|
Term
| What does the GI tract posses? |
|
Definition
| Cells that produce Secretin, gastrin, histamine, CCK, GIP, VIP |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ovaries and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
| Located in the pelvic cavity. Produce estrogen which regulates 2ndary sexual characteristics. Also produces progesterone which helps to stimulate the uterus to thicken the endometriosis in preparing for plantation of a fertilized egg. |
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|
Term
| Where are the testes located and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
| Located in the scrotum. Secretes testosterone which develops 2ndary sexual characteristics and production of sperm. Also produces inhibin which inhibits the release of FSH and GnRH. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A temporary organ only formed during pregnancy. Produces hCG hormone with aid in maintaining pregnancy and keeping the corpus luteum intact. |
|
|
Term
| What results from hyposecretion of GH? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary growth failure. |
|
|
Term
| What results from hypersecretion of GH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from hyposecretion of ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from hypersecretion of ACTH? |
|
Definition
| Syndrome of innapropriate ADH secretion. |
|
|
Term
| What results from hyposecretion of T4 and T3? |
|
Definition
| Myxedema, cretinism, goiter. |
|
|
Term
| What results from hypersecretion of T4 and T3? |
|
Definition
| Hyperthyroidism, Graves Disease |
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of PTH? |
|
Definition
| Hypoparathyroidism - muscular weakness, neurological probs, dense bones. |
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of PTH? |
|
Definition
| Hyperparathyroidism - same as hypo but weak and brittle bones. |
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Excess insulin production. |
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of minteralcorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of epinephrine/norepi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of epi/norepi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of estrogen? |
|
Definition
| Adrenogenital syndrome and precocious puberty. |
|
|
Term
| What results from a hyposecretion of androgens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from a hypersecretion of androgens? |
|
Definition
| Andrenogenital syndrome and precocious pubery. |
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