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| a group of organisms that are capable of producing fertile offsprings (only breed with each other) |
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| a group of organism of the same species that live in a define geographic area at the same time |
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| any cumulative genetic changes in a population from generation to generation (evolution leads to differences in popultions and explains the orgin of all organisms that exist today or have existed) |
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| a method to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses microorganisms to break down toxic polutans or plants to selectivly accumulate toxins |
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| an evoultionary modification that improves an organisms chances at survival and reproductive success |
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| fossils restricted to a narrow period of geologic time and found in the same sedimentary layers in difference geographic areas |
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| layers of rock where the oldest layer is on the bottom |
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| structure that exists but has no function |
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| a comparison of the DNA nucleotide sequences of related organisms to estimate when they diverge from one another during the course of evolution. makes use of the average rate which a particular gene evolves. |
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| the complete evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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| Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection |
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Definition
artificial is the selection by humans of traits that are desirable in plants or animals and breeding only those individuals with the desired traits.
natural is the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become the parents of the next generation. |
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| Discuss the 4 main postulates of Darwin |
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Definition
1. genetic variation: exists among individuals in populations.
2. reproductive ability: of each species causes populations to geometrically increase over time.
3. organisms compete: for resources such as food, living space, water, and mates.
4. offspring: with the most favorable characterisitics are most likely to survive and reproduce. pass genetic characteristics to next generation. |
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| Importance of mutations to evolution |
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Definition
| they provide genetic variablity that natural selection acts on during evolution |
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| synthetic theory of evolution relate to Darwin |
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Definition
| it combines Darwin's theory with modern genetics and explains why individuals in a popultion vary and how species adapt to their environment |
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| evidence exists to support evolution (developmental/molecular) |
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| relate biogeographical to evolution |
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| things can evovle diffenent developmentally based on their geographical relation for example: galapagos finches |
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| Compare and contrast homologous and homoplastic |
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Definition
homologous are divergent structures (different functions but same history)
homoplastic are convergent structures (developing for same function but not the same history) |
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| Phylogenetic trees and how do they indicate relationships |
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Definition
| they are diagrams showing lines of decent and can be derived from differences in a given DNA nucleotide sequence. |
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