Term
| 6 general kidney functions |
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Definition
1. regulation of ECF volume & blood pressure
2. regulation of osmolarity
3. maintenance of ion balance
4. homeostatic regulation of pH
5. excretion of wastes
6. production of hormones |
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Term
| What makes up the urinary system? |
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Definition
| the kidneys & accessory structures |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of kidney function (from the Latin word "renes" meaning "kidneys") |
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Term
| When does urine production begin? |
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Definition
| when water & solutes move from plasma into the hollow tubules that make up the bulk of the paired kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow tube into which the modified fluid known as urine passes into as it leaves the kidney |
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Term
| Where do the 2 ureters lead? |
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Definition
| 1 from each kidney to the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| the single tube through which the bladder expels urine as it contracts during the reflex of micturition (urination) after the bladder expands & fills with urine |
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Term
| Why are women more likely than men to develop urinary tract infections? |
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Definition
| the female urethra is shorter & closer to bacteria leaving the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| a membranous structure which lines the abdomen & sandwiches the kidneys between itself & the bones/muscles of the back |
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Term
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Definition
| branch off the abdominal aorta & supply blood to the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava |
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Term
| 2 layers of the interior of the kidney |
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Definition
1. outer cortex
2. inner medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic tubes that organize to form the layers on the interior of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| where blood flows from the renal arteries as part of the renal portal system |
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Term
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Definition
| a ball-like network (first capillary bed in the renal portal system) into which blood flows from the afferent arteriole |
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Term
| What is the destination of the blood that flows from the glomerulus as part of the renal portal system? |
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Definition
| leaves the glomerulus into an efferent arteriole then into the second set of capillaries (the peritubular capillaries) that surround the tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla in the juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow, ball-like structure with which the nephron begins that surrounds the glomerulus |
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Term
| What 2 things make up the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
1. glomerulus
2. Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| What is the route of fluid that flows out of Bowman's capsule? |
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Definition
| filtered fluid flows into the proximal tubule then into the loop of Henle (a hairpin-shaped segment that dips down toward the medulla & then back up) |
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Term
| 2 limbs on the loop of Henle |
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Definition
1. a thin descending limb
2. an ascending limb with thin & thick segments |
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Term
| Where does fluid pass after it leaves the loop of Henle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does fluid drain into out of the distal tubules? |
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Definition
| the distal tubules of up to 8 nephrons drain into a single larger tube called the collecting duct |
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Term
| 2 things that make up the distal nephron |
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Definition
1. the distal tubule
2. its collecting duct |
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Term
| Where do collecting ducts drain into after passing from the cortex through the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of fluid from blood into the lumen of the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving substances in the filtrate from the lumen of the tubule back into the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| selectively removing molecules from the blood & adding them to the filtrate in the tubule lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of total plasma volume that filters into the tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| the second filtration barrier; an acellular layer of extracellular matrix that separates the capillary endothelium from the epithelium of Bowman's capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that make up the capsule epithelium which surrounds each glomerular capillary |
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Term
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Definition
| long cytoplasmic extensions on the podocytes that extend from the main cell body |
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Term
| How do foot processes interact with glomerular capillaries? |
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Definition
| foot processes wrap around the glomerular capillaries & interlace with one another, leaving narrow filtration slits closed by a semiporous membrane |
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Term
| Where are glomerular mesangial cells located? |
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Definition
| they lie between & around the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| 3 pressures that influence glomerular filtration |
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Definition
1. the hydrostatic pressure of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries through the leaky endothelium
2. the colloid osmotic pressure inside glomerular capillaries is higher than that of the fluid in Bowman's capsule
3. Bowman's capsule is an enclosed space & so the pressure of fluid in the capsule creates a hydrostatic fluid pressure that opposes fluid movement into the capsule |
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Term
| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
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Definition
| the volume of fluid that filters into Bowman's capsule per unit time |
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Term
| 2 components of the filtration coefficient |
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Definition
1. the surface area of the glomerular capillaries available for filtration
2. the permeability of interface between the capillary & Bowman's capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes |
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Term
| tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Definition
| a paracrine signaling mechanism through which changes in fluid flow through the loop of Henle influence GFR |
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Term
| 4 steps for organic anion secretion |
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Definition
1. direct active transport
2. secondary indirect active transport
3. tertiary indirect active transport
4. organic anions enter lumen by facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| Can the organic anion transporter family transport a wide variety of anions or a specific type of anions? |
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Definition
| a wide variety of endogenous & exogenous anions ranging from bile salts to benzoate used as a preservative in soft drinks, salicylate from aspirin, & the artificial sweetener saccharine |
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Term
| 2 things that the excretion rate of a substance depends on |
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Definition
1. the filtration rate of the substance
2. whether the substance is reabsorbed, secreted, or both as it passes through the tubule |
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Term
| Where does inulin come from? |
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Definition
| a polysaccharide isolated from the tuberous roots of a variety of plants |
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Term
| Where does creatinine come from? |
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Definition
| a breakdown product of phosphocreatine (an energy-storage compound found primarily in muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
1. stretch receptors fire
2. parasympathetic neurons fire
3. smooth muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| urination/voiding; urine is stored in the bladder until it is released in this process |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuation of the bladder wall that consists of smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| a ring of skeletal muscle controlled by the somatic motor neurons |
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