Term
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Definition
| An atom is the smallest stable unit of matter |
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Term
| Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is it possible for two samples of hydrgoen to contain the same number of atoms, yet have different weights? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen has three isotopes: Hydrogen-1 with a mass of 1; deuterium with a mass of 2; and tritium with a mass of 3. The heavier sample must contain a higher proportion of one or both of the heavier isotopes |
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Term
| Define chemical bond and identify several types of chemical bonds |
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Definition
| A chemical bond is an attractive force acting between two atoms that may be strong enough to hold them together in a molecule or compound. The strongest attractive forces result from the gain, loss or sharing of electrons. Examples of such chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. In contraast hydrogen bonds occur between molecules or compounds |
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Term
| Which kind of bond holds atoms in a water molecule together? What attracts water moleucles to one another? |
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Definition
| The atoms in a water molecule are held together by polar covalent bonds. Water molecules are attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
| Both oxygen and neon are gases at room temp. Oxygen combines readily with other elements, but neon does not. Why? |
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Definition
| Atoms combine with each other so as to gain a complete set of electrons in their outer energy level, so they readily react with many other elements to attain this stable arrangement. Neon already has a full outer energy level and thus has little tendency to combine with other elements. |
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Term
| The chemical shorthand used to describe chemical compounds and reactions effectively is known as what |
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Definition
| The chemical shorthand used to describe chemical compounds and reactions is known as chemical notation. |
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Term
| Using the rules for chemical notation, write the molecular formula for glucose a compound composed of six carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify and describe three types of chemical reactions important to human physiology |
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Definition
| Decomposition reactions (chemical reaction breaks a molecule into smaller fragments), synthesis reactions (assembles smaller molecules into larger ones) and exchange reactions (parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products). |
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Term
| In cells, glucose, a six carbon molecule, is converted into two three carbon molecules by a reaction that releases energy. How would you classify this reaction? |
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Definition
| Decomposition reaction. Bcuz energy is released it can also be classified as exergonic |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that lowers the acitvation energy of a chemical reaction. |
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Term
| Why are enzymes needed in our cells? |
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Definition
| without enzymes chemical reactions could proceed in the body only under conditions that cells cannot tolerate (e.g high temperatures)By lowering the acitvation energy enzymes make it possible for chemical realtions to proceed under conditions compatible with life. |
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Term
| Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds |
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Definition
| Organic compounds generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atotms as primary strucutral ingredients |
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Term
| Explain how the chemical properties of water make life possible |
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Definition
| specific chemical properties of water that make life possible include its solubility its reactivity its high heat capacity and its ability to serves as a lubricant |
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Term
| Define pH and explain how the pH sclae relates to acidity and alkalinity |
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Definition
| pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in fluids. Acid and base concentraions are measured in pH which is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration expressed in mol/L. On the pH scale 7 represents neutrality values below 7 indicate an acid and values above 7 indicate a base |
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Term
| What is the significance of pH in physiological systems |
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Definition
| if the body it to maintain homeostasis and thus health the pH of different body fluids must remain within a fairly narrow range |
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Term
| Define the following terms: Acid Base and Salt |
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Definition
| an acid is a hydrogen donor, a base is a hydrogen acceptor. A salt is an inorganic compound consisting of a cation other than a H and an anion other than OH |
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Term
| How does an antacid help decrease stomach discomfort |
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Definition
| Stomach discomfort is commonly the result of excessive stomach acidity. Antacids contain a weak base that neutralizes the excess acid |
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Term
| A food contains organcic molecules with the elements C H adn O in a ratio of 1:2:1. What class of compounds do these molecules belong to and what are their major functions in the body |
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Definition
| Carbohydrate. The body uses carbs chiefly as an energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that include fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steriods, phospholipids, and glycolipds. They are organic compounds that contain carbon hydrgoen and oxygen in a ratio that does not approximate 1:2:1 |
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Term
| Which lipids would you find in human plasma membranes? |
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Definition
| human plasma membranes primarily contain phospholipids plus small amounts of cholesterol and glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins are organic compounds formed from amino acids which contain a central carbon atom a hydrogen atom an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a variable group, known as an R group or side chain. Proteins function in support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, and defense |
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Term
| How does boiling a protein affect its structural and functional properties? |
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Definition
| The heat of boiling breaks bonds that maintain the protein's tertiary structure, quaternary structure, or both. The resulting structural change, know as denaturation, affects the ability of the protein molecule to perorm its normal biological functions |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleic acid is a large organic molecule composed of carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus. Nucleic acids regulate protein sunthesis and make up the gentic material in cells. |
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Term
| A large organic molecule composed of the sugar ribose nitrogenous bases and posphate groups is which kind of nucleic acid? |
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Definition
| Both DNA and RNA contain nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups, but beacuase this nucleic acid contains the sugar ribose it is RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate is a high enerfy compound consisting of adenosine to which three phosphate groups are attached; the third is atteched by a high energy bond. |
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Term
| What molecule is produced by the phosphorylation of ADP |
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Definition
| phophorylation of ADP molecule yields a molecule of ATP |
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Term
| Identify biochemical building blocks discussed in this chapter that are the components of cells |
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Definition
| the biochemical building blocks that are components of cells include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbs |
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Term
| Define metabolic turnover |
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Definition
| metabolic tunrover is the continuous breakdown and replacement of organic materials within cells. |
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