Term
| What are atoms composed of? |
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Definition
| Protons+, neutrons, and electrons- |
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Term
| What is the mass of an atom? |
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Definition
| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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Term
| What is the atomic number? |
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Definition
| The number of protons in an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| A pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind. |
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Term
| what is the atomic weight? |
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Definition
| an average of the different atomic masses and proportions of its different isotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain different numbers of neutrons |
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Term
| what are reactive elements? |
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Definition
| Elements that readily interact or combine with other atoms due to an unfilled outermost energy level |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements that do not readily participate in chemical processes, such as helium, neon, and argon. Their outer energy levels are filled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by shared electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pure chemical substance made up of atoms of 2 or more different elements in a fixed proportion |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion with a positive charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion with a negative charge. |
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Term
| What is a chemical bond created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical bond between atoms that involves the sharing of electrons |
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Term
| The sharing of one pair of electrons creates what type of bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you get when you share 2 pair of electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| A covalent bond involving the equal sharing of electrons. |
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Term
| What is a polar covalent bond? |
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Definition
| An unequal sharing of electrons. Ex: H2O, the electrons spend more time orbiting the oxygen nucleus due to its stronger pull |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the attraction between a slight (+) charge on the H atom of a polar covalent bond and a slight (-) charge on an O, Nitrogen, or flourine atom of another covalent bond. |
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Term
| What happens in a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
| New chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the reactions under way in the cells and tissues of the body at any given time is metabolism. |
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Term
| What are the two major types of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The energy of motion-energy that can be transferred to another object and do work? |
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Term
| What is potential energy? |
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Definition
| Stored energy-energy that has the potential to do work. |
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Term
| what is a decomposition reaction? |
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Definition
It breaks a molecule into smaller fragments.
AB-->A+B
It takes place outside cells. |
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Term
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Definition
One of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken, and the components of a water molecule (H and OH) are added to the resulting fragments.
A-B+H20-->A-H+HO-B |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of complex or organic molecules into simpler components accompanied by the release of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
The opposite of decomposition.
A+B-->AB
A synthesis reaction assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules. |
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Term
| What is dehydration synthesis? |
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Definition
The formation of a complex molecule by the removal of a water molecule. The opposite of hydrolysis.
A-H+HO-B-->A-B+H20 |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of new molecules within the bodies cells and tissues. |
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Term
| What is an exchange reaction? |
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Definition
Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.
AB+CD-->AD+CB |
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Term
| What is a reversible reaction? |
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Definition
| A+B<-->AB Two reactions are taking place at the same time. One is a synthesis and one is a decomposition. Jello. |
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| The amount of energy required to start a reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required. They belong to catalysts. |
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Term
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Definition
A compound that speeds up a chemical reaction without themselves being consumed.
A+B enzyme AB
<---> |
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Term
| Reactions that release energy are said to be ______ |
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Definition
| Exergonic. Relatively common. They generate The heat that maintains your body temperature. |
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Term
| If more energy is required to being the reaction than is released as it proceeds, the reaction as a whole will absorb energy. These reactions are known as _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that are involved in or a byproduct of metabolism. |
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Term
| What are the 4 properties of water? |
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Definition
1. Solubility
2. High heat capacity
3. Lubrication
4. Reactivity |
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Term
| Why is a water molecule called a polar molecule? |
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Definition
| Because it has positive and negative ends due to the hydrogen atoms being fairly close together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Soluble inorganic substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution. |
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Term
| What is a hydrophilic molecule? |
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Definition
| It is a molecule that interacts readily with water molecules. |
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Term
| What is a hydrophic molecule? |
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Definition
| Molecules that do not readily interact with water molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquid jello. A solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules. The particles or molecules will remain in solution indefinitely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains large particles in a solution but if undisturbed its particles will settle out of solution due to the force of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter. 1x10-7 |
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Term
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Definition
| Any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions, lowering the pH. Example: HCl -->H+ + Cl- |
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Term
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Definition
| A solute that removes the hydrogen ions from the solution, raising the pH. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion. Held together by ionic bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions. example: alka seltzer. |
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Term
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Definition
| They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Examples: sugars and starches. |
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Term
| What is a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
| A carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 monosaccharides joined together. |
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Term
| How do all carbohydrates except monosaccharides provide useful energy? |
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Definition
| By being broken apart during hydrolysis. |
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| Repeated dehydrations synthesis reactions add additional mono or disaccharides. Example, cellulose or starch. |
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Term
| Where is glycogen made and stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 classes of lipids? |
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Definition
| fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, and phospholipids and glycolipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms attached. One end is always attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH). The carbon chain attached to the carboxyl group is the hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acid. |
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Term
| Fatty acids may be either ____ or ______. |
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Definition
| Saturated or unsaturated. |
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Term
| What kind of bond does a saturated fatty acid have? |
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Definition
| A single covalent bond only. |
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Term
| What kind of bond does an unsaturated fatty acid have? |
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Definition
| one or more double covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid derived from arachidonic acid that must be absorbed in the diet because the body cannot synthesize it. |
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Term
| What are the two kinds of eicosinoids? |
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Definition
| Leukotriens and prostaglandins. |
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Term
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Definition
| An eicosinoid produced mostly by cells involved with coordinating the responses to injury or disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| short chain fatty acids in which 5 of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring. REleased by cells to coordinate or direct local cellular activities. Extremely powerful. |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid composed of glycerol bound to fatty acids |
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Term
| 3 functions of triglycerides |
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Definition
Energy source
Insulation
Protection |
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Term
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Definition
| large lipid molecules that share a distinctive 4-ring carbon framework. |
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Term
| why is cholesterol (a steroid) important? |
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Definition
needed for plasma membranes
involved in regulation of sexual function
a)estrogen, b)testosterone
regulation of tissue metabolism
Ex:corticosteroids from the adrenal glands, calcitriol from the kidneys
steroid derivatives called bile salts are needed to process dietary fats |
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Term
| phospholipids and glycolipids |
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Definition
phospholipids-a phosphate group links a diglyceride to a non-lipid group
glycolipids-a carbohydrate is attached to a diglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids |
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Term
| 7 categories of functions of proteins |
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Definition
1.support
2.movement
3.transport
4.buffering
5.metabolic regulation
6.coordination and control
7.defense (antibodies) |
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Term
| an amino acid consists of 5 parts |
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Definition
1.a central carbon atom
2.a hydrogen atom
3.an amino group (--NH2)
4.a carboxyl group (-COOH)
5.an R group (a variable side chain of 1 or more atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide held together by peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| from the presence of hydrogen bonds between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain. Either an alpha helix (simple spiral) or beta sheet (a flat pleated sheet) |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex coiling and folding that gives a protein its final 3-D shape. Results primarily from hydrophobic and hydrophlic interactions between the R groups and the surrounding water molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| form extended sheets or strands. Tough, durable, insoluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
| compact, generally rounded and soluble in water. can function only if they remain in solution. Ex: myoglobin, a protein in muscle cells; hemoglobin, oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the reactants in enzymatic reactions |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of enzymes |
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Definition
1.specificity-each enzyme catalyzes only 1 type of reaction
2.saturation limits-the substrate concentration required to have the maximum rate of reaction
3.regulation-any particular enzyme may be active under one set of conditions and inactive under another |
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Term
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Definition
| an ion or a molecule that must bind to an enzyme before substrates can also bind. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein organic molecules that function as cofactors |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in tertiary or quaternary structure that makes it non-functional. Frying an egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| large proteins with small carbohydrate groups attached. important in immune response. glycoproteins called mucins absorb water to produce mucus. |
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Term
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Definition
| large polysaccharide molecules linked by polypeptide chains. bind adjacent cells together, give tissue fluids a syrupy consistency. |
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Term
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Definition
| large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. store and process info at the molecular level inside cells |
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Term
| 2 classes of nucleic acid molecules |
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| a high energy compound used by cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a covalent bond whose breakdown releases energy the cell can use directly |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of attaching a phosphate group to another molecule |
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Term
| AMP-adenosine monophosphate |
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Definition
| an important substrate that contains one phosphate group |
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Term
| Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
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Definition
| attaching a second phosphate group to AMP which requires a significant energy input to convert. the second phosphate is attached by a high-energy bond |
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Term
| Adenosine triphophate (ATP) |
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Definition
| The conversion of ADP to ATP is the most important method of storing energy in our cells. The breakdown of ATP to ADP is the most important method of releasing energy. |
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Term
| what is the enzyme needed to hydrolytically breakdown ATP to ADP |
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Definition
| Adenisone triphosphatase (ATPase) |
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