Term
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Definition
-Hargreave's spinning jenny
-the came Arkwright's water frame
-then Savery and Newcomen's steam engine
-then Watt's study on the steam engine
-then Stephenson's Rocket(r.r.) |
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Term
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Definition
| -in his famous and influential Essay on the Principles of Population, he argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply |
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Term
| shortage/held Britain back |
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Definition
-a shortage of fuel
-didnt have trees
-used coke
-switched from limited charcoal to unlimited coke |
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Term
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Definition
-the mill or mine owner bargained with the head of the family and paid him or her for the work of the whole family
-in the cottage mills, children collected scraps and "pieced" broken threads together
-in the mines, children sorted coal and worked the ventilation equipment
-their mothers hauled coal in the tunnels below the surface, while their fathers hewed with pick and shovel at the face of the seam
-made the surroundings more tolerable |
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Term
| consequences of change in textile industry |
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Definition
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Term
| facilitated Industrial Revolution in Britain |
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Definition
-the expanding Atlantic economy of the 18th century served Britian well
-the colonial empire tha Britain had built provided a growing market for British manufactured goods
-agriculture play a central role; a period of bountiful crops and low food prices
-Britain had an effective central bank and well-developed credit markets
-had long had a large class of hired agricultural laborers, rural proletariats whose #s were further increased by the enclosures |
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Term
| difficulties of contiental economies |
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Definition
-finding large sums of money the new methods demanded
-a shortage of laborers accustomed to working in factories
-British technology had become so advanced and complicated that very few engineers or skilled technicians outside England understood it
-upheavals thata began with the French Revolution had another effect: they disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, and fostered social anxiety
-war severed normal communications between Britain and the continent |
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Term
| result of poor conditions in early factories |
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Definition
-used children instead
-by 1790, the use of puarper appretices was in decline, by 1802, it was forbidden by Parilament |
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Term
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Definition
-dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight overland
-economic consequences: as the barrier of high transportation costs was lowered, markets became larger and nationwide
-encouraged large factories with sophisicated machinery |
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Term
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Definition
-the government supported the railroad
- |
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Term
| closest behind Britain/industrialization |
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Definition
-Belguim was until 1900
-the America (the U.S.) which took the lead in 1913 |
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Term
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Definition
-a Lancashire carpenter
-converted the old summer palace of the bishops of Liege into a large industrial enterprise, which produced machinery, steam engines, and railway locomotives
-workers came illegally to work for him
-newcomers brought the latest plans and secrets, so Cockerill could boast that ten days after an industrial advance occurred in Britain, he knew all about it in Belgium |
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Term
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Definition
-considered the growth of modern industry of the utmost importance because manufacturing was a primary means of increasing people's well-being and relieved their poverty
-was a dedicated nationalist
-to promote industry was to defend the nation |
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Term
| continental banks/shed conservativism |
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Definition
| -because of the possibility of unlimited financial loss, the partners of private banks tended to be quite conservative and were content to deal with a few rich clients and a few big merchants |
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Term
| raised per capita industrial levels in 19th century |
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Definition
| all European states(as well as the U.S., Canada, and Japan) managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the 19th century |
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Term
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Definition
-the future revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx
-he published in 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England, a blistering indictment of the middle classes
-charged the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar |
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Term
| shift from cottage to factory work |
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Definition
-cottage workers were reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received relatively good wages because factory work was unappealing
-in the fatory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its tempo
-they had to show up everyday and work long, monotonous hours |
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Term
| conditions for British workers/1820 |
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Definition
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Term
| early capitalists/labor and capital |
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Definition
-most early industrialists drew upon their families and friends for labor and capital
-many were from well-established merchant families which provided a rich network of contacts and support
-others were of modest means |
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Term
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Definition
-the man emerged as the family's primary wage earner
-women were expected to concentrate on unpaid housework, child care, and craftwork at home
-married women from the working classes were much less likely to work fulltime for wages outside the house
-when married women did work for wages, they usually came from the poorest families, where the husbands were poorly paid, sick, unemployed, or missing
-these poor women were joined by legions of young unmarried women, who worked full-time but only in certain jobs
-all women were generally confined to low-paying, dead-end jobs
-3 ideas:
-(1)the discipline of the clock and machine was hard on married women of the laboring classes
-(2) running a household in conditions of primitive urban poverty was an extremely demanding job in its own right
-(3) the desire of males to monopolize the best opportunities and hold women down provides an answer |
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Term
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Definition
-part of the Chartist Movement
-sought political democracy
-the ket Chartist demand was that all men be given the right to vote
-it became the great hope of millions of aroused people |
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Term
| railroad on the continent |
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Definition
-created a strong demand for unskilled labor
-changed the outlook and values of society
-revealed the power and increased the speed of the new age |
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Term
| Amalgamated Society of Engineers |
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Definition
-the most famous of these "new model unions"
-represented skilled machanists |
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Term
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Definition
-was known as Saint Monday because so many workers took the day off
-declined rapidly afer 1760 |
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Term
| congress/guiding principle |
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Definition
-conservatism
-balance of power |
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Term
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Definition
-Tsar Alexander I of Russia wanted Poland
-Prussia agreed because they wanted Saxony
-the threat of war caused Russia and Prussia to moderate their demands |
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Term
| Autria and France intervened |
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Definition
-in 1820, revolutionaries succeeded in forcing the monarchs of Spain and the southern Italy kingdom of the Two Sicilies to grant liberal constitutions against their wills
-Metternich prclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened
-Austrian forces restored Ferdinand I to the throne in the Two Sicilies and French armies restored order in the Spanish regime |
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Term
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Definition
-Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848
-firmly believed that liberalism bad been responsible for a generation of war with untold bloodshed and suffering
-the threat of liberalism appeared doubly dangerous to him because if generally went with national aspirations |
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Term
| success of Revolution of 1830 |
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Definition
-France beat Algeria
-Charles repudiated the Constitutional Charter in a coup in July 1830
-in "three glorious days" the government collapsed |
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Term
| Napoleon escaped from/1815 |
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Definition
| -escaped from his "comic kingdom" on the island of Elba |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| French socialists believed |
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Definition
-believed in economic planning
-they argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job
-had an intense desire to help the poor, and they preached that the rich and the poor hsould be more nearly equal economically |
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Term
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Definition
-in his Organization of Work, he urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully
-he believed that the state should sep up government-backed workshops and factories to guarantee full employment
-the right to work had to become as sacred as any other right |
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Term
| Marx's criticism of utopians |
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Definition
-argued that the interests of the middle class and those of the industrial working class were opposed to each other
-in the Manifesto, the "history of all previously existing sociaty is the history of class struggles"
-one class had always exploited the other |
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Term
| Marx's socialism established |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-wrote "What is Property?"
-his answer was that it was nothing but theft
-property was profit that was stolen from the worker, who was the source of all wealth
-he feared the power of the state
-considered an anarchist |
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Term
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Definition
-urged the French to throw away their worn-out classical models
-her study, On Germany, extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of German writers and thinkers
-had a powerful impact on the post-1815 generation in France |
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Term
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Definition
-procliamex the tremendous possibilities of industrial development: "the age of gold is before us"
-the key to progress was proper social organization
-an arrangement of society required the parasites to give way to the doers
-stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor |
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Term
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Definition
-by Dupin, pen name: George Sand
-her semi-autobiographical novel was shockingly modern, delving deeply into her tortuous quest for sexual and personal freedom |
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Term
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Definition
-Liberty Leading the People
-celebrated the nobility of popular revolution in general and revolution in France in particular |
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Term
| result of Reform Bill of 1832 |
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Definition
| -the number of voters increased by about 50% |
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Term
| factor/midcentury reforms/Britain |
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Definition
-the Reform Bill of 1832
-the House of Commons emerged as the all-important legislative body
-the new industrial areas of the country gained representation in the Commons, and many rotton boroughs were eliminated
- |
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Term
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Definition
-Marx's theory of historical evolution was built on his philosophy
-he believed that each age in characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and a new synthesis
-Marx retained Hegel's view of history as a dialectic process of change but made economic relationships between classes the driving force |
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Term
| winners of 1830 revolution in France |
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Definition
| -the wealthy notable elite |
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Term
| causes of 1848 Revolution/Paris |
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Definition
-Louis Philippe's "bourgeois monarchy" had been characterized by stubborn inaction and complacency
-the government's refusal to consider electoral reform heightened a sense of class injustice among middle-class shopkeepers, skill artisans, and unskilled working people |
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Term
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Definition
-Charles X started it
-he wanted to re-establish the old order in France and get rid of the Constitutional Charter |
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Term
| 1848 revolution/Austria/began |
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Definition
-Hungarians
-began in Hungary where nationalistic Hungarians demanded national autonomy, full civil liberties, and universal suffrage |
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Term
| Hapsburg exploited to defeat |
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Definition
-the Hapsburg monarchy in Vienna exploited the fears of the minority groups, and they were soon locked in armed combat with the new Hungarian government
-in a similar way, Czech nationalists cased in Bohemia and Prague came into conflict with German nationalists
-conflicting national aspirations within the Austrian Empire enabled the monarchy to play off one group against the other |
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Term
| most important German state |
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Definition
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Term
| made up National Assembly in Frankfurt |
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Definition
| -a serious middle-class body of lawyers,professors, doctors, officials, and businessmen |
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Term
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Definition
-protest in reaction to Parleament's passage of the change in the Corn Laws
-their suspension of cute liberties and the anactment of the Six Acts in 1819 |
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Term
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Definition
| -repealed in 1846 in reaction to the consequences of the Great Famine |
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Term
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Definition
| -in 1849 he refused to accept a "crown from the gutter" and became emperor of the new German national state |
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Term
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Definition
| -it was in the appreciation of this sphere that Romanticism broke with classicism |
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Term
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Definition
-leader of the Reomantic movement
-author of "Daffodils |
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